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--- a/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex
+++ b/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex
@@ -38,7 +38,54 @@
 
 \section{Established communication standards for IoT devices}
 
-\colorbox{orange}{doplnit GSM, LoRa, Zigbee, Sigfox, Wifi, ESP32, 433 MHz} \\
+\subsection{GSM (2G)}
+
+\ac{GSM} represents most prominent \ac{2G} standard of cellular network technology developed in the 1980s and adopted in . The most notable shift forward was the transition to digital form of communication. 
+It was the first wildly adopted standard with \ac{SMS}. Initial deployment has began in 1990s with the peak of deployment in 2005. \cite{eu2Gna3G}
+
+%While it is nowadays a legacy technology superseded by later generation, it still remains essential in basic \ac{M2M} and human-to-machine communication. Such as alarms, automatic control of gates or municipal public address system.
+
+While superseded by 3G, 4G, and 5G, 2G remains essential in some regions for basic communication and \ac{M2M} applications.
+However, due to the advancement of technology, and the need for frequency space, many countries are planing shutting down their 2G networks in a controlled way. The outcome in some countries is shutdown of 3G before 2G and obligation from bureaus to mobile operators to keep 2G operational \cite{ctu2g}.
+
+\subsection{LoRa}
+
+\ac{LoRa} is a proprietary, spread-spectrum radio modulation technique developed by Semtech. It primarily operates within the sub-GHz unlicensed radio frequency bands, enabling long-range communication with minimal power consumption. \ac{LoRa} can be  \cite{semtech}. \ac{LoRa} less often operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band, amateur radio bands or on private private frequencies. \ac{LoRa} physical layer modulation, based on \ac{CSS}, allows for robust data transmission in noisy environments and over extended distances. This technology is particularly well-suited for applications requiring low data rates and long battery life, such as environmental monitoring, asset tracking, and smart agriculture.  
+
+\subsubsection{LoRaWAN}
+
+\ac{LoRaWAN} represents a \ac{MAC} layer protocol built upon the \ac{LoRa} physical layer. This protocol standardizes the communication architecture, network topology, and security mechanisms, enabling interoperability among diverse \ac{LoRa} devices and infrastructure.   
+
+\ac{LoRaWAN} effectively extends the capabilities of the \ac{LoRa} physical layer by providing a comprehensive framework for network management and application development, thereby enabling the deployment of scalable and interoperable Low-Power Wide-Area Network solutions.
+
+The deployment of \ac{LoRaWAN} or LoRaWAN-like networks necessitates the implementation of dedicated gateway infrastructure, a characteristic that, conversely, affords enhanced control over network coverage compared to cellular technologies such as 4G and 5G which is dependent on mobile operators.
+
+% https://www.semtech.com/lora/what-is-lora
+
+\subsection{Wi-Fi}
+
+Wi-Fi, standardized under the IEEE 802.11, represents a most deployed \ac{WLAN} technology with at least 19.5 billion Wi-Fi devices in use around the world. It played fundamental role in \ac{IoT} implementation and innovations. Key characteristics are high data throughput, high bandwidth and usually short range \cite{wifi}.
+
+Because of this higher data throughput it requires higher power consumption, longer communication establishment and worse spectrum utilization for smaller payloads. This makes it ideal for data hungry application such as video transition and high speed measurement.
+
+Other key advantage of Wi-Fi is its ubiquity. This makes it valid option even in situations where usage of better suited protocol would require modification and/or investment in new infrastructure.
+
+Although Wi-Fi technology is predominantly utilized for short-range wireless local area networks, there are notable exceptions involving long-range deployments, such as those employed by ISPs and for low-cost  \ac{P2P} remote communication. Notable extreme example of this is 279 km long unamplified Wi-Fi link in Venezuela\cite{adhocwireless}.
+
+
+% ct wifi https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/internet-things
+
+\subsection{Zigbee}
+
+Zigbee is a open wireless communication protocol specification, operating within the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, designed for low-bandwidth, low-power, short-range \ac{WPAN}. It is characterized by its mesh networking capabilities, which facilitate robust and scalable communication among numerous devices in close proximity. Its main application are smart home accessories and industrial sensors on sort range \cite{zigbee}.
+
+Zigbee primarily operates on 2.4 GHz band (in usual gaps between Wi-Fi channels) but can also operate on sub-GHz bands. It is similar to Z-Wave protocol.
+% ct zigbee https://www.digi.com/solutions/by-technology/zigbee-wireless-standard
+
+\subsection{Sigfox}
+
+
+
 
 \section{4G IoT networks (LPWAN)}
 
@@ -47,16 +94,16 @@ https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT/Development-
 
 %IoT has become a large part of every day life and is now crucial to many both critical and non-critical applications. With planed shutdown of 2G and 3G networks [] it is important to look on protocols that are supposed to replace them and enhance their capabilities.
 
-Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocols are 4G LTE wireless communication technologies that enable long-range transmission among IoT devices. LPWAN protocols are designed to meet the diverse requirements of IoT applications, mainly low power consumption, wide coverage range, capacity for large number of devices, and high reliability \cite{gsmalpwan}.
+\ac{LPWAN} protocols are 4G LTE wireless communication technologies that enable long-range transmission among IoT devices. \ac{LPWAN} protocols are designed to meet the diverse requirements of IoT applications, mainly low power consumption, wide coverage range, capacity for large number of devices, and high reliability \cite{gsmalpwan}.
 
 \colorbox{orange}{Kajsik zrcadlova $\lambda$ krivka} \\
 
 \subsection{NB-IoT}
-NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a cellular LPWAN standard that was developed by \ac{3GPP} for IoT devices and services in 2016 under \ac{3GPP} Release 13 and updated in 2017 with \ac{3GPP} Release 14 \cite{erf}.
+\ac{NB-IoT}  is a cellular \ac{LPWAN} standard that was developed by \ac{3GPP} for IoT devices and services in 2016 under \ac{3GPP} Release 13 and updated in 2017 with \ac{3GPP} Release 14 \cite{erf}.
 
-NB-IoT focuses on providing extended coverage, enhanced capacity, reduced complexity, and increased battery life for IoT devices that transmit small amounts of data infrequently \cite{rohdenbiot}.
+\ac{NB-IoT} focuses on providing extended coverage, enhanced capacity, reduced complexity, and increased battery life for IoT devices that transmit small amounts of data infrequently \cite{rohdenbiot}.
 
-NB-IoT operates on the licensed spectrum and uses a subset of the LTE bands with peak data rate of 26 kb/s for downlink and 16.9 - 66 kb/s for uplink using Cat NB1. Newer standard of Cat NB2 allows maximum peak rate of 127 kb/s for downlink and 159 kb/s for uplink. NB-IoT uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation for downlink communication and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communication.
+\ac{NB-IoT} operates on the licensed spectrum and uses a subset of the LTE bands with peak data rate of 26 kb/s for downlink and 16.9 - 66 kb/s for uplink using Cat NB1. Newer standard of Cat NB2 allows maximum peak rate of 127 kb/s for downlink and 159 kb/s for uplink. NB-IoT uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation for downlink communication and \ac{SC-FDMA} for uplink communication.
 
 Single NB-IoT communication channel corresponds to a single 180 kHz LTE frequency block \cite{ltebook}. This enables the following operation modes \cite{rohdenbiot}:
 
@@ -93,11 +140,11 @@ As of writing this thesis (December 2023) NB-IoT is supported in Czechia by all
 
 \subsection{LTE-M}
 
-LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is a second LPWAN protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} Release 12, with improved specification in Releases 13 and 14. Unlike NB-IoT, LTE-M uses more bandwidth (1.4 - 5 MHz) and is capable of higher communication speeds (1 - 4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1 – 7 Mbit/s for uplink). Another advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is an ability to function with movable objects (such as cars or drones). Higher bandwidths however lead to greater circuit complexity and possible higher energy consumption related to it \cite{nordiccompare}.
+LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is a second \ac{LPWAN} protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} Release 12, with improved specification in Releases 13 and 14. Unlike NB-IoT, LTE-M uses more bandwidth (1.4 - 5 MHz) and is capable of higher communication speeds (1 - 4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1 – 7 Mbit/s for uplink). Another advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is an ability to function with movable objects (such as cars or drones). Higher bandwidths however lead to greater circuit complexity and possible higher energy consumption related to it \cite{nordiccompare}.
 
 As of writing this thesis (December 2023) LTE-M is covered in Czechia by O2 in 98.5 \% \cite{o2catm} and locally by Vodafone \cite{vodafonemap}.
 
-%LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is second LPWAN protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} release 12 with improved specification in releaes 13 and 14.
+%LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is second \ac{LPWAN} protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} release 12 with improved specification in releaes 13 and 14.
 %
 %Unlike NB-IoT LTE-M uses more bandwidth 1.4-5 MHz and is capable of higher comunication speeds (1-4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1-7Mbit/s for uplik depending on version). Another advantage is ability to function with movable objects (eg. cars or drones). Higher bandwidth leads to grater circuit complexity and higher energy consumption related to it.
 %
@@ -122,7 +169,7 @@ In 2018, \ac{3GPP} Release number 15 laid down 5G specification named 5G NR (New
 
 \begin{itemize}
 	\item eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband): Data-intensive applications needing large bandwidth for primarily traditional end-user demand, like video streaming. This should be achieved by Gigabit LTE, massive MIMO, mmWave technologies, spectrum sharing techniques and advanced channel coding.
-	\item mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications): Low-power and low-cost applications with small data volumes but potentially large number of these devices in a small footprint. It is built on LTE LPWAN protocols like LTE-M and NB-IoT, making them potentially a core part of 5G.
+	\item mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications): Low-power and low-cost applications with small data volumes but potentially large number of these devices in a small footprint. It is built on LTE \ac{LPWAN} protocols like LTE-M and NB-IoT, making them potentially a core part of 5G.
 	\item URLLC (Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communication): Mission-critical applications traditionally possible only by direct wire connection, necessary for real-time control of autonomous vehicles and industrial machinery.
 \end{itemize}