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diff --git a/text/bbb.bib b/text/bbb.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0bdb089 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/bbb.bib @@ -0,0 +1,168 @@ +% This file was created with JabRef 2.10b2. +% Encoding: UTF8 + + +% notworking +@Book{ltetst, + publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, + isbn = {9781119714712}, + title = {5G New Radio (NR) and the 5G Core}, + booktitle = {From GSM to LTE‐Advanced Pro and 5G}, + chapter = {6}, + pages = {379-463}, + doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, + url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, + eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, + year = {2021}, + keywords = {5G air interface, 5G core network protocol, 5G New Radio, 5G standalone network, Long Term Evolution, Non-Standalone network}, + abstract = {Summary This chapter focuses on features that have been deployed in live networks so far and on those that are likely to be rolled out in the near future. It provides an overview of the 5G New Radio (NR) Non-Standalone network architecture, the new and updated radio access network and core network elements, the parts of the new 5G NR air interface that are used for non-standalone operation, and the mobility management operations to add 5G NR cells to an existing Long Term Evolution connection. This is followed by a description of the 5G standalone (SA) network architecture and an introduction to additional 5G air interface and signaling procedures required for 5G SA operation. The chapter discusses future 5G functionalities that have been defined for use cases other than broadband public Internet access. Devices supporting the new 5G core network protocol could then exclusively communicate over 5G.} +} + +@article{eu2Gna3G, + author = {Fuentelsaz, Lucio and Maícas, Juan P. and Polo, Yolanda}, + year = {2008}, + month = {07}, + pages = {436-449}, + title = {The evolution of mobile communications in Europe: The transition from the second to the third generation}, + journal = {Telecommunications Policy}, + doi = {10.1016/j.telpol.2008.04.008} +} +@misc{ctu2g, + title={Tisková ZPRÁVA: ČTÚ Obnovil O2 Příděl Spektra 2100 mhz. Zajistí Tím Provoz sítě I pro Starší Telefony}, + url={https://ctu.gov.cz/ctu-obnovil-o2-pridel-spektra-2100-mhz-zajisti-tim-provoz-site-i-pro-starsi-telefony}, + journal={TISKOVÁ ZPRÁVA: ČTÚ obnovil O2 příděl spektra 2100 MHz. Zajistí tím provoz sítě i pro starší telefony | Český telekomunikační úřad}, + author={Meravá, Tereza}, + year={2021}, + month={Dec} +} + +@BOOK{adhocwireless, + title = "Ad-hoc, mobile and wireless networks", + editor = "Nikolaidis, Ioanis and Wu, Kui", + publisher = "Springer", + series = "Lecture notes in computer science", + edition = 2010, + month = jul, + year = 2010, + address = "Berlin, Germany", + language = "en", + pages = {202}, +} + + + +%%% @Manual{sr02/2009, +%%% title = {Úprava, odevzdávání a zveřejňování vysokoškolských kva\-li\-fi\-kač\-ních prací na VUT v~Brně}, +%%% OPTkey = {•}, +%%% OPTauthor = {•}, +%%% organization = {VUT v Brně}, +%%% address = {Brno}, +%%% OPTedition = {•}, +%%% OPTmonth = {•}, +%%% year = {2009}, +%%% note = {Směrnice rektora č.\,2/2009}, +%%% annote = {[online]}, +%%% URL = {https://www.vutbr.cz/uredni-deska/vnitrni-predpisy-a-dokumenty/smernice-rektora-f34920/} +%%% } +%%% +%%% @Misc{boldis, +%%% OPTkey = {•}, +%%% author = {P. Boldiš}, +%%% title = {Bibliografické citace dokumentů podle {ČSN} {ISO} 690 a {ČSN} ISO 690-2}, +%%% howpublished = {[online]}, +%%% month = {11}, +%%% year = {2004}, +%%% OPTnote = {•}, +%%% OPTannote = {•}, +%%% URL = {<http://www.boldis.cz/citace/citace.html>}, +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace článku v časopise +%%% @Article{Smekal2002, +%%% Title = {Aktuální trendy architektury signálových procesorů}, +%%% Author = {Zdeněk Smékal}, +%%% Journal = {Sdělovací technika}, +%%% Year = {2002}, +%%% Number = {4,5}, +%%% Volume = {2002}, +%%% Pages = {3--6,16--18}, +%%% +%%% ISBN = {0036-9942} +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace knihy +%%% @Book{Uhlivr1995, +%%% Title = {Číslicové zpracování signálů}, +%%% Author = {J. Uhl\'{\i}\v{r} and P. Sovka}, +%%% Publisher = {Vydavatelství ČVUT}, +%%% Year = {1995}, +%%% +%%% Address = {Praha}, +%%% Edition = {1}, +%%% +%%% ISBN = {80-01-01303-0}, +%%% Pages = {313} +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace knihy +%%% @Book{Psutka2006, +%%% Title = {Mluvíme s počítačem česky}, +%%% Author = {J. Psutka and L. M\"{u}ller and J. Matoušek and V. Radová}, +%%% Publisher = {Academia}, +%%% Year = {2006}, +%%% +%%% Address = {Praha}, +%%% Edition = {1}, +%%% +%%% ISBN = {80-200-1309-1}, +%%% Pages = {752} +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace doktorské práce +%%% @PhdThesis{Plsek2004, +%%% Title = {Extrakce řečového signálu z~hluku pozadí ve spektrální oblasti}, +%%% Author = {Martin Plšek}, +%%% School = {Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií}, +%%% Year = {2004}, +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace příspěvku ve sborníku konference +%%% @InProceedings{Rajmic2005, +%%% Title = {Method for Real-time Signal Processing via Wavelet Transform}, +%%% Author = {Pavel Rajmic}, +%%% Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3th International Conference on Non-Linear Speech Processing}, +%%% Year = {2005}, +%%% +%%% Address = {Barcelona}, +%%% Pages = {214-223}, +%%% Publisher = {Escola Universitaria Politecnica de Mataró}, +%%% +%%% ISBN = {84-256-1365-5}, +%%% } +%%% +%%% @Manual{6416_dsk_techref, +%%% Title = {TMS320C6416T DSK: Technical Reference}, +%%% Month = {November}, +%%% Organization = {Spectrum Digital}, +%%% Year = {2004}, +%%% +%%% Url = {http://c6000.spectrumdigital.com/dsk6416/V3/docs/dsk6416_TechRef.pdf} +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace manuálu +%%% @Manual{spru234c, +%%% Title = {TMS320C6000 DSP Enhanced Direct Memory Access (EDMA) Controller Reference Guide}, +%%% Month = {November}, +%%% Note = {spru234c}, +%%% Organization = {Texas Instruments Inc.}, +%%% Year = {2006}, +%%% } +%%% +%%% %% Příklad citace technické zprávy +%%% @TechReport{Coulson1993, +%%% Title = {Improvement in microphone performance through using a microphone array.}, +%%% Author = {A. J. Coulson and R. G. Vaughan}, +%%% Institution = {Industrial Research Ltd}, +%%% Year = {1993}, +%%% Month = {June}, +%%% } diff --git a/text/chipy.tex b/text/chipy.tex index e91ce9c..4642918 100644 --- a/text/chipy.tex +++ b/text/chipy.tex @@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ nRF9160 Feather, made by CircuitDojo, is a design with pin headers compatible wi SparkFun Thing Plus nRF9160, made by SparkFun, is another board with Adafruit Feather footprint and similar to Icarus IoT Board v2 described above, however with USB-C connector and providing 4 MB SPI flash memory, LiPo charger, low power RTC, a button, a LED, two U.FL antennas for LTE and GNSS \cite{sparkfundesc}. -\subsubsection{Connexio Stratus} +\subsubsection{Connexio Stratus (Pro)} \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} @@ -188,6 +188,8 @@ SparkFun Thing Plus nRF9160, made by SparkFun, is another board with Adafruit Fe Connexio Stratus, a crowd-funded development board, has a similar design to the SparkFun board above, adding SIM with 500 MB of mobile data, energy harvesting integrated circuit for Li-ion and NiMH battery charging, LiPo battery connection and charging, 2 push-buttons, 1 LED, SHT4x temperature and humidity sensor, LIS2DH 3-axial accelerometer \cite{connexiodesc}. +% TUTUT + Comparisons of the main parameters of the most common nRF9160 boards is provided in the following table \ref{tab:nrfmodules} taken from \cite{connexiodesc}: \begin{table}[H] \begin{center} @@ -229,76 +231,77 @@ Comparisons of the main parameters of the most common nRF9160 boards is provided %%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -\section{Quectel RM520N} - -\begin{figure}[h!] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/RM520N.png} - \end{center} - \caption[Quectel RM520N]{Quectel RM520N series front view\cite{rm520ndatasheet}} - \label{} -\end{figure} - -RM520N is a 5G Sub-6GHz IoT module, made by Chinese company Quectel, optimized for IoT and eMBB applications with worldwide spectrum coverage, but capable of also 3G/4G multi-mode operation. The module is made in an M.2 form factor (30 x 52 x 2.3 mm) with 4 antenna connectors and is compatible with \ac{3GPP} Release 16 specification, supporting both 5G NSA (data rates: 3.4 Gbps DL / 550 Mbps UL) and SA modes (data rates: 2.4 Gbps DL / 900 Mbps UL). - -The RM520N is an industrial-grade module for industrial and commercial applications. It should cover nearly all the mainstream carriers worldwide and support Qualcomm® IZat location technology Gen9C Lite (GPS, GLONASS, BDS and Galileo). The integrated GNSS receiver simplifies the product design. - -It communicates using USB and PCIe drivers provided by Quectel for Windows 7 or higher, Linux, and Android. Main anticipated usage are industrial routers, home gateways, laptops / tablet PCs as well as IoT applications \cite{rm520ndatasheet}. - -The module comes in two variants: RM520N-GL with global coverage and RM520N-EU with EU frequency regulatory spectrum. - -\subsection{Modules with RM520N} - -Development support for RM520N modules is provided by a Chinese company Waveshare \cite{waveshare1}\cite{waveshare2} -making several hardware kits for rapid development and implementation with RM520N and having a distribution network across EU (e.g. \url{https://rlx.sk/sk/vyhladavanie?controller=search&s=RM520N}) - -\subsubsection{Dongle} -\begin{figure}[H] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmdongle.jpg} - \end{center} - \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmdongle}} - \label{} -\end{figure} - -5G DONGLE module \cite{rmdongle} -providing simple expansion board with 4 SMA antenna connectors, nano SIM card holder, M2 connector for RM520N, heatsink and USB3.1 port for connecting to PC or Raspberry Pi. - -\subsubsection{Raspberry Pi HAT} - -\begin{figure}[H] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmpi.jpg} - \end{center} - \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmpi}} - \label{} -\end{figure} - -5G HAT for Raspberry Pi \cite{rmpi} -, with a case for Raspberry Pi 3B/4B, onboard USB3.1 and USB-C ports, 2x SIM card slot, 4 antennas, 3A power supply circuit. - -\subsubsection{USB/Ethernet converter} - -\begin{figure}[H] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmeth.jpg} - \end{center} - \caption[USB/Ethernet converter]{USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G\cite{rmeth}} - \label{} -\end{figure} - -USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G \cite{rmeth} -capable to connect RM520N module to its M2 connector header and acting as a 5G communication bridge to PC, industrial control hosts, Raspberry Pi, ethernet switch or router using their USB3.1 or Ethernet connections. - -\subsubsection{Module form Jetson Nano} - -\begin{figure}[H] - \begin{center} - \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmjet.jpg} - \end{center} - \caption[Module for Jetson Nano]{Comunication module for Jetson Nano\cite{rmjet}} - \label{} -\end{figure} - -Communication module for Jetson Nano \cite{rmjet} -- interface with M2 connector, USB3.1 port, audio jack and decoder, SIM card slot, 40-pin GPIO extension header for direct connection to Jetson Nano, 4 antennas. +%\section{Quectel RM520N} +% +%\begin{figure}[h!] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/RM520N.png} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Quectel RM520N]{Quectel RM520N series front view\cite{rm520ndatasheet}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%RM520N is a 5G Sub-6GHz IoT module, made by Chinese company Quectel, optimized for IoT and eMBB applications with worldwide spectrum coverage, but capable of also 3G/4G multi-mode operation. The module is made in an M.2 form factor (30 x 52 x 2.3 mm) with 4 antenna connectors and is compatible with \ac{3GPP} Release 16 specification, supporting both 5G NSA (data rates: 3.4 Gbps DL / 550 Mbps UL) and SA modes (data rates: 2.4 Gbps DL / 900 Mbps UL). +% +%The RM520N is an industrial-grade module for industrial and commercial applications. It should cover nearly all the mainstream carriers worldwide and support Qualcomm® IZat location technology Gen9C Lite (GPS, GLONASS, BDS and Galileo). The integrated GNSS receiver simplifies the product design. +% +%It communicates using USB and PCIe drivers provided by Quectel for Windows 7 or higher, Linux, and Android. Main anticipated usage are industrial routers, home gateways, laptops / tablet PCs as well as IoT applications \cite{rm520ndatasheet}. +% +%The module comes in two variants: RM520N-GL with global coverage and RM520N-EU with EU frequency regulatory spectrum. +% +%\subsection{Modules with RM520N} +% +%Development support for RM520N modules is provided by a Chinese company Waveshare \cite{waveshare1}\cite{waveshare2} +%making several hardware kits for rapid development and implementation with RM520N and having a distribution network across EU (e.g. \url{https://rlx.sk/sk/vyhladavanie?controller=search&s=RM520N}) +% +%\subsubsection{Dongle} +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmdongle.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmdongle}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%5G DONGLE module \cite{rmdongle} +%providing simple expansion board with 4 SMA antenna connectors, nano SIM card holder, M2 connector for RM520N, heatsink and USB3.1 port for connecting to PC or Raspberry Pi. +% +%\subsubsection{Raspberry Pi HAT} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmpi.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmpi}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%5G HAT for Raspberry Pi \cite{rmpi} +%, with a case for Raspberry Pi 3B/4B, onboard USB3.1 and USB-C ports, 2x SIM card slot, 4 antennas, 3A power supply circuit. +% +%\subsubsection{USB/Ethernet converter} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmeth.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[USB/Ethernet converter]{USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G\cite{rmeth}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G \cite{rmeth} +%capable to connect RM520N module to its M2 connector header and acting as a 5G communication bridge to PC, industrial control hosts, Raspberry Pi, ethernet switch or router using their USB3.1 or Ethernet connections. +% +%\subsubsection{Module form Jetson Nano} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmjet.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Module for Jetson Nano]{Comunication module for Jetson Nano\cite{rmjet}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%Communication module for Jetson Nano \cite{rmjet} +%- interface with M2 connector, USB3.1 port, audio jack and decoder, SIM card slot, 40-pin GPIO extension header for direct connection to Jetson Nano, 4 antennas. +%
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/text/literatura.bib b/text/literatura.bib deleted file mode 100644 index d17321f..0000000 --- a/text/literatura.bib +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -% This file was created with JabRef 2.10b2. -% Encoding: UTF8 - - -% notworking -@Book{ltetst, - publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd}, - isbn = {9781119714712}, - title = {5G New Radio (NR) and the 5G Core}, - booktitle = {From GSM to LTE‐Advanced Pro and 5G}, - chapter = {6}, - pages = {379-463}, - doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, - url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, - eprint = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781119714712.ch6}, - year = {2021}, - keywords = {5G air interface, 5G core network protocol, 5G New Radio, 5G standalone network, Long Term Evolution, Non-Standalone network}, - abstract = {Summary This chapter focuses on features that have been deployed in live networks so far and on those that are likely to be rolled out in the near future. It provides an overview of the 5G New Radio (NR) Non-Standalone network architecture, the new and updated radio access network and core network elements, the parts of the new 5G NR air interface that are used for non-standalone operation, and the mobility management operations to add 5G NR cells to an existing Long Term Evolution connection. This is followed by a description of the 5G standalone (SA) network architecture and an introduction to additional 5G air interface and signaling procedures required for 5G SA operation. The chapter discusses future 5G functionalities that have been defined for use cases other than broadband public Internet access. Devices supporting the new 5G core network protocol could then exclusively communicate over 5G.} -} - -%@Manual{sr02/2009, -% title = {Úprava, odevzdávání a zveřejňování vysokoškolských kva\-li\-fi\-kač\-ních prací na VUT v~Brně}, -% OPTkey = {•}, -% OPTauthor = {•}, -% organization = {VUT v Brně}, -% address = {Brno}, -% OPTedition = {•}, -% OPTmonth = {•}, -% year = {2009}, -% note = {Směrnice rektora č.\,2/2009}, -% annote = {[online]}, -% URL = {https://www.vutbr.cz/uredni-deska/vnitrni-predpisy-a-dokumenty/smernice-rektora-f34920/} -%} -% -%@Misc{boldis, -% OPTkey = {•}, -% author = {P. Boldiš}, -% title = {Bibliografické citace dokumentů podle {ČSN} {ISO} 690 a {ČSN} ISO 690-2}, -% howpublished = {[online]}, -% month = {11}, -% year = {2004}, -% OPTnote = {•}, -% OPTannote = {•}, -% URL = {<http://www.boldis.cz/citace/citace.html>}, -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace článku v časopise -%@Article{Smekal2002, -% Title = {Aktuální trendy architektury signálových procesorů}, -% Author = {Zdeněk Smékal}, -% Journal = {Sdělovací technika}, -% Year = {2002}, -% Number = {4,5}, -% Volume = {2002}, -% Pages = {3--6,16--18}, -% -% ISBN = {0036-9942}, -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace knihy -%@Book{Uhl'ivr1995, -% Title = {Číslicové zpracování signálů}, -% Author = {J. Uhl\'{\i}\v{r} and P. Sovka}, -% Publisher = {Vydavatelství ČVUT}, -% Year = {1995}, -% -% Address = {Praha}, -% Edition = {1}, -% -% ISBN = {80-01-01303-0}, -% Pages = {313} -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace knihy -%@Book{Psutka2006, -% Title = {Mluvíme s počítačem česky}, -% Author = {J. Psutka and L. M\"{u}ller and J. Matoušek and V. Radová}, -% Publisher = {Academia}, -% Year = {2006}, -% -% Address = {Praha}, -% Edition = {1}, -% -% ISBN = {80-200-1309-1}, -% Pages = {752} -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace doktorské práce -%@PhdThesis{Plsek2004, -% Title = {Extrakce řečového signálu z~hluku pozadí ve spektrální oblasti}, -% Author = {Martin Plšek}, -% School = {Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií}, -% Year = {2004}, -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace příspěvku ve sborníku konference -%@InProceedings{Rajmic2005, -% Title = {Method for Real-time Signal Processing via Wavelet Transform}, -% Author = {Pavel Rajmic}, -% Booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3th International Conference on Non-Linear Speech Processing}, -% Year = {2005}, -% -% Address = {Barcelona}, -% Pages = {214-223}, -% Publisher = {Escola Universitaria Politecnica de Mataró}, -% -% ISBN = {84-256-1365-5}, -%} -% -%@Manual{6416_dsk_techref, -% Title = {TMS320C6416T DSK: Technical Reference}, -% Month = {November}, -% Organization = {Spectrum Digital}, -% Year = {2004}, -% -% Url = {http://c6000.spectrumdigital.com/dsk6416/V3/docs/dsk6416_TechRef.pdf} -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace manuálu -%@Manual{spru234c, -% Title = {TMS320C6000 DSP Enhanced Direct Memory Access (EDMA) Controller Reference Guide}, -% Month = {November}, -% Note = {spru234c}, -% Organization = {Texas Instruments Inc.}, -% Year = {2006}, -%} -% -%%% Příklad citace technické zprávy -%@TechReport{Coulson1993, -% Title = {Improvement in microphone performance through using a microphone array.}, -% Author = {A. J. Coulson and R. G. Vaughan}, -% Institution = {Industrial Research Ltd}, -% Year = {1993}, -% Month = {June}, -%} diff --git a/text/literatura.tex b/text/literatura.tex index ff01490..e02518b 100644 --- a/text/literatura.tex +++ b/text/literatura.tex @@ -402,9 +402,5 @@ %% Pro českou sazbu lze použít styl czechiso.bst ze stránek %% http://www.fit.vutbr.cz/~martinek/latex/czechiso.tar.gz %\bibliographystyle{czechiso} -%% Vložení souboru se seznamem citací -%\bibliography{text/literatura} -% -%% Následující příkaz je pouze pro ukázku sazby literatury při použití BibTeXu. -%% Způsobí citaci všech zdrojů v souboru literatura.bib, i když nejsou citovány v textu. -%\nocite{*} + +%\printbibliography diff --git a/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex b/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex index 69870c4..9854752 100644 --- a/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex +++ b/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex @@ -38,7 +38,54 @@ \section{Established communication standards for IoT devices} -\colorbox{orange}{doplnit GSM, LoRa, Zigbee, Sigfox, Wifi, ESP32, 433 MHz} \\ +\subsection{GSM (2G)} + +\ac{GSM} represents most prominent \ac{2G} standard of cellular network technology developed in the 1980s and adopted in . The most notable shift forward was the transition to digital form of communication. +It was the first wildly adopted standard with \ac{SMS}. Initial deployment has began in 1990s with the peak of deployment in 2005. \cite{eu2Gna3G} + +%While it is nowadays a legacy technology superseded by later generation, it still remains essential in basic \ac{M2M} and human-to-machine communication. Such as alarms, automatic control of gates or municipal public address system. + +While superseded by 3G, 4G, and 5G, 2G remains essential in some regions for basic communication and \ac{M2M} applications. +However, due to the advancement of technology, and the need for frequency space, many countries are planing shutting down their 2G networks in a controlled way. The outcome in some countries is shutdown of 3G before 2G and obligation from bureaus to mobile operators to keep 2G operational \cite{ctu2g}. + +\subsection{LoRa} + +\ac{LoRa} is a proprietary, spread-spectrum radio modulation technique developed by Semtech. It primarily operates within the sub-GHz unlicensed radio frequency bands, enabling long-range communication with minimal power consumption. \ac{LoRa} can be \cite{semtech}. \ac{LoRa} less often operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band, amateur radio bands or on private private frequencies. \ac{LoRa} physical layer modulation, based on \ac{CSS}, allows for robust data transmission in noisy environments and over extended distances. This technology is particularly well-suited for applications requiring low data rates and long battery life, such as environmental monitoring, asset tracking, and smart agriculture. + +\subsubsection{LoRaWAN} + +\ac{LoRaWAN} represents a \ac{MAC} layer protocol built upon the \ac{LoRa} physical layer. This protocol standardizes the communication architecture, network topology, and security mechanisms, enabling interoperability among diverse \ac{LoRa} devices and infrastructure. + +\ac{LoRaWAN} effectively extends the capabilities of the \ac{LoRa} physical layer by providing a comprehensive framework for network management and application development, thereby enabling the deployment of scalable and interoperable Low-Power Wide-Area Network solutions. + +The deployment of \ac{LoRaWAN} or LoRaWAN-like networks necessitates the implementation of dedicated gateway infrastructure, a characteristic that, conversely, affords enhanced control over network coverage compared to cellular technologies such as 4G and 5G which is dependent on mobile operators. + +% https://www.semtech.com/lora/what-is-lora + +\subsection{Wi-Fi} + +Wi-Fi, standardized under the IEEE 802.11, represents a most deployed \ac{WLAN} technology with at least 19.5 billion Wi-Fi devices in use around the world. It played fundamental role in \ac{IoT} implementation and innovations. Key characteristics are high data throughput, high bandwidth and usually short range \cite{wifi}. + +Because of this higher data throughput it requires higher power consumption, longer communication establishment and worse spectrum utilization for smaller payloads. This makes it ideal for data hungry application such as video transition and high speed measurement. + +Other key advantage of Wi-Fi is its ubiquity. This makes it valid option even in situations where usage of better suited protocol would require modification and/or investment in new infrastructure. + +Although Wi-Fi technology is predominantly utilized for short-range wireless local area networks, there are notable exceptions involving long-range deployments, such as those employed by ISPs and for low-cost \ac{P2P} remote communication. Notable extreme example of this is 279 km long unamplified Wi-Fi link in Venezuela\cite{adhocwireless}. + + +% ct wifi https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/internet-things + +\subsection{Zigbee} + +Zigbee is a open wireless communication protocol specification, operating within the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, designed for low-bandwidth, low-power, short-range \ac{WPAN}. It is characterized by its mesh networking capabilities, which facilitate robust and scalable communication among numerous devices in close proximity. Its main application are smart home accessories and industrial sensors on sort range \cite{zigbee}. + +Zigbee primarily operates on 2.4 GHz band (in usual gaps between Wi-Fi channels) but can also operate on sub-GHz bands. It is similar to Z-Wave protocol. +% ct zigbee https://www.digi.com/solutions/by-technology/zigbee-wireless-standard + +\subsection{Sigfox} + + + \section{4G IoT networks (LPWAN)} @@ -47,16 +94,16 @@ https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/Low-power-cellular-IoT/Development- %IoT has become a large part of every day life and is now crucial to many both critical and non-critical applications. With planed shutdown of 2G and 3G networks [] it is important to look on protocols that are supposed to replace them and enhance their capabilities. -Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) protocols are 4G LTE wireless communication technologies that enable long-range transmission among IoT devices. LPWAN protocols are designed to meet the diverse requirements of IoT applications, mainly low power consumption, wide coverage range, capacity for large number of devices, and high reliability \cite{gsmalpwan}. +\ac{LPWAN} protocols are 4G LTE wireless communication technologies that enable long-range transmission among IoT devices. \ac{LPWAN} protocols are designed to meet the diverse requirements of IoT applications, mainly low power consumption, wide coverage range, capacity for large number of devices, and high reliability \cite{gsmalpwan}. \colorbox{orange}{Kajsik zrcadlova $\lambda$ krivka} \\ \subsection{NB-IoT} -NB-IoT (Narrowband Internet of Things) is a cellular LPWAN standard that was developed by \ac{3GPP} for IoT devices and services in 2016 under \ac{3GPP} Release 13 and updated in 2017 with \ac{3GPP} Release 14 \cite{erf}. +\ac{NB-IoT} is a cellular \ac{LPWAN} standard that was developed by \ac{3GPP} for IoT devices and services in 2016 under \ac{3GPP} Release 13 and updated in 2017 with \ac{3GPP} Release 14 \cite{erf}. -NB-IoT focuses on providing extended coverage, enhanced capacity, reduced complexity, and increased battery life for IoT devices that transmit small amounts of data infrequently \cite{rohdenbiot}. +\ac{NB-IoT} focuses on providing extended coverage, enhanced capacity, reduced complexity, and increased battery life for IoT devices that transmit small amounts of data infrequently \cite{rohdenbiot}. -NB-IoT operates on the licensed spectrum and uses a subset of the LTE bands with peak data rate of 26 kb/s for downlink and 16.9 - 66 kb/s for uplink using Cat NB1. Newer standard of Cat NB2 allows maximum peak rate of 127 kb/s for downlink and 159 kb/s for uplink. NB-IoT uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation for downlink communication and single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for uplink communication. +\ac{NB-IoT} operates on the licensed spectrum and uses a subset of the LTE bands with peak data rate of 26 kb/s for downlink and 16.9 - 66 kb/s for uplink using Cat NB1. Newer standard of Cat NB2 allows maximum peak rate of 127 kb/s for downlink and 159 kb/s for uplink. NB-IoT uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation for downlink communication and \ac{SC-FDMA} for uplink communication. Single NB-IoT communication channel corresponds to a single 180 kHz LTE frequency block \cite{ltebook}. This enables the following operation modes \cite{rohdenbiot}: @@ -93,11 +140,11 @@ As of writing this thesis (December 2023) NB-IoT is supported in Czechia by all \subsection{LTE-M} -LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is a second LPWAN protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} Release 12, with improved specification in Releases 13 and 14. Unlike NB-IoT, LTE-M uses more bandwidth (1.4 - 5 MHz) and is capable of higher communication speeds (1 - 4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1 – 7 Mbit/s for uplink). Another advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is an ability to function with movable objects (such as cars or drones). Higher bandwidths however lead to greater circuit complexity and possible higher energy consumption related to it \cite{nordiccompare}. +LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is a second \ac{LPWAN} protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} Release 12, with improved specification in Releases 13 and 14. Unlike NB-IoT, LTE-M uses more bandwidth (1.4 - 5 MHz) and is capable of higher communication speeds (1 - 4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1 – 7 Mbit/s for uplink). Another advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is an ability to function with movable objects (such as cars or drones). Higher bandwidths however lead to greater circuit complexity and possible higher energy consumption related to it \cite{nordiccompare}. As of writing this thesis (December 2023) LTE-M is covered in Czechia by O2 in 98.5 \% \cite{o2catm} and locally by Vodafone \cite{vodafonemap}. -%LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is second LPWAN protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} release 12 with improved specification in releaes 13 and 14. +%LTE-M or LTE-MTC (Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication) is second \ac{LPWAN} protocol specified in \ac{3GPP} release 12 with improved specification in releaes 13 and 14. % %Unlike NB-IoT LTE-M uses more bandwidth 1.4-5 MHz and is capable of higher comunication speeds (1-4 Mbit/s for downlink and 1-7Mbit/s for uplik depending on version). Another advantage is ability to function with movable objects (eg. cars or drones). Higher bandwidth leads to grater circuit complexity and higher energy consumption related to it. % @@ -122,7 +169,7 @@ In 2018, \ac{3GPP} Release number 15 laid down 5G specification named 5G NR (New \begin{itemize} \item eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband): Data-intensive applications needing large bandwidth for primarily traditional end-user demand, like video streaming. This should be achieved by Gigabit LTE, massive MIMO, mmWave technologies, spectrum sharing techniques and advanced channel coding. - \item mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications): Low-power and low-cost applications with small data volumes but potentially large number of these devices in a small footprint. It is built on LTE LPWAN protocols like LTE-M and NB-IoT, making them potentially a core part of 5G. + \item mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications): Low-power and low-cost applications with small data volumes but potentially large number of these devices in a small footprint. It is built on LTE \ac{LPWAN} protocols like LTE-M and NB-IoT, making them potentially a core part of 5G. \item URLLC (Ultra-reliable and Low-latency Communication): Mission-critical applications traditionally possible only by direct wire connection, necessary for real-time control of autonomous vehicles and industrial machinery. \end{itemize} diff --git a/text/sablona/prilohy.tex b/text/sablona/prilohy.tex index bfa021a..4f71470 100644 --- a/text/sablona/prilohy.tex +++ b/text/sablona/prilohy.tex @@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ Pokud je souborů hodně a jsou organizovány ve více složkách, je možné pr .2 pdf\DTcomment{pdf stránky generované informačním systémem}. .3 student-desky.pdf. .3 student-titulka.pdf. -.3 student-zadani.pdf. +.3 student-zadani-cs.pdf. .2 text\DTcomment{zdrojové textové soubory}. .3 literatura.tex. .3 prilohy.tex. diff --git a/text/uvod.tex b/text/uvod.tex index e172ec1..2cc813c 100644 --- a/text/uvod.tex +++ b/text/uvod.tex @@ -8,8 +8,10 @@ It is estimated that currently (2024/2025) there are two actively connected Inte At the same time, complexity of the IoT devices rises every year and so is their requirements on the underlying network infrastructure and protocols, originally designed predominantly for completely different mobile applications (text messages and voice / video streaming). Need for new IoT-related protocols started to be prominent with wide-spreading and anticipated new use-cases of IoT devices, for which \ac{GSM} and original \ac{LTE} networks were not originally intended and soon found unsuitable in terms of power efficiency, connection reliability and ability to accommodate billions of small devices with tiny average data rates. -%IoT devices today are not only simple single-purpose meteo sensors, but more and more frequently this category includes very complex vehicles and machinery, such as autonomous cars with multiple RADAR/LIDAR sensors or cooperative industrial robots, needing to communicate with the central command \& control facility and with each other in real time and with very high reliability. On the other hand large widespread of massive quantities of very low power devices in possibly critical application can also be expected. Related requirements on communication data volumes, response latency and network reliability far exceed capacity and technical possibilities of older mobile networks. Larger bandwidths, data speeds and lower latencies brought by 4G and especially 5G mobile networks are necessary for providing the appropriate working space for these new IoT devices. +IoT devices today are not only simple single-purpose meteo sensors, but more and more frequently this category includes very complex vehicles and machinery, such as autonomous cars with multiple RADAR/LIDAR sensors or cooperative industrial robots, needing to communicate with the central command \& control facility and with each other in real time and with very high reliability. On the other hand large widespread of massive quantities of very low power devices in possibly critical application can also be expected. Related requirements on communication data volumes, response latency and network reliability far exceed capacity and technical possibilities of older mobile networks. Larger bandwidths, data speeds and lower latencies brought by 4G and especially 5G mobile networks are necessary for providing the appropriate working space for these new IoT devices. -The necessary communication protocols for 4G and 5G mobile networks are being standardized under an umbrella of \ac{3GPP} - an association of national telecommunication standardization agencies and commercial partners. \ac{3GPP} has agreed upon and released several communication protocols (so-called „releases“) for the new generations of mobile networks, unfortunately with some ambiguities in their numbering and labeling. For example, Long-term evolution (LTE) was first introduced as a 3G technology standard but it later become a 4G standard. LTE was followed by LTE-Advanced labeled as „true 4G“ or 4.5G and LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) that is considered 5G but sometimes it is labeled as 4.9G \cite{nokia49g}. +The advancements in \ac{LPWAN} \ac{RF} technology in regards to power saving in weak signal decoding and subsequent longer range opens a door to vast filed of usage critical scenarios currently depended on more costly solutions with private networks. \texttt{Co to znamena???} + +%The necessary communication protocols for 4G and 5G mobile networks are being standardized under an umbrella of \ac{3GPP} - an association of national telecommunication standardization agencies and commercial partners. \ac{3GPP} has agreed upon and released several communication protocols (so-called „releases“) for the new generations of mobile networks, unfortunately with some ambiguities in their numbering and labeling. For example, Long-term evolution (LTE) was first introduced as a 3G technology standard but it later become a 4G standard. LTE was followed by LTE-Advanced labeled as „true 4G“ or 4.5G and LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) that is considered 5G but sometimes it is labeled as 4.9G \cite{nokia49g}. \colorbox{orange}{Graf IoT zarizeni here} \\ diff --git a/text/vesmir.tex b/text/vesmir.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4938728 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/vesmir.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +\chapter{Future of Non-Terrestrial Network} diff --git a/text/zkratky.tex b/text/zkratky.tex index bf4b695..46c981a 100644 --- a/text/zkratky.tex +++ b/text/zkratky.tex @@ -57,6 +57,14 @@ \acro{FSPL}{Free space path loss} \acro{RF}{Radio Frequency} \acro{GSM}{Global System for Mobile communications} + \acro{SMS}{Short Message Service} + \acro{M2G}{Machine-to-Machine} + \acro{LoRa}{Long-Range} + \acro{LoRaWAN}{Long-Range wide area network} + \acro{CSS}{chirp spread spectrum} + \acro{WPAN}{wireless personal area network} + \acro{WLAN}{wireless local area network} + \acro{P2P}{point-to-point} % %%% bsymfvz % \acro{symfvz} % název |