From bde23520eedae819e5e14c39b47e4611fdab11a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Michal Hanus Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2025 09:58:03 +0200 Subject: sobota --- text/chipy.tex | 376 ++++++++++++++++++++------------ text/demohw.tex | 78 ++++++- text/labina.tex | 435 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- text/literatura.tex | 22 ++ text/prilohy.tex | 128 +++++++++++ text/protokolyLPWAN.tex | 22 +- text/tables/ltem60_0_table.tex | 26 +++ text/tables/ltem60_1024_table.tex | 26 +++ text/tables/ltem60_64_table.tex | 26 +++ text/tables/ltem61_0_table.tex | 31 +++ text/tables/ltem61_1024_table.tex | 31 +++ text/tables/ltem61_64_table.tex | 31 +++ text/tables/nbiot60_0_table.tex | 23 ++ text/tables/nbiot60_1024_table.tex | 23 ++ text/tables/nbiot60_64_table.tex | 23 ++ text/tables/nbiot61_0_table.tex | 27 +++ text/tables/nbiot61_1024_table.tex | 27 +++ text/tables/nbiot61_64_table.tex | 27 +++ text/zkratky.tex | 13 ++ 19 files changed, 1116 insertions(+), 279 deletions(-) create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem60_0_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem60_1024_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem60_64_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem61_0_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem61_1024_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/ltem61_64_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot60_0_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot60_1024_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot60_64_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot61_0_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot61_1024_table.tex create mode 100644 text/tables/nbiot61_64_table.tex (limited to 'text') diff --git a/text/chipy.tex b/text/chipy.tex index a4c4c12..433e9b0 100644 --- a/text/chipy.tex +++ b/text/chipy.tex @@ -1,7 +1,11 @@ \chapter{IoT communication modules for 4G/5G networks} -\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9160} +This chapter describes a \ac{SiP} nRF9160 from Nordic Semiconductor and its successors nRF9161 and nRF9151. It is focused on its parameters and high level overview of its particular parts. + +Later there the chapter continues in overview and comparison of available modules with these \ac{SiP}s. + +\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9160} \label{chap:nrfdesc} \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} @@ -11,12 +15,12 @@ \label{fig:sipfront} \end{figure} -nRF9160, made by Nordic Semiconductor, is a System-in-Package (SiP) combining multiple integrated circuits into a single LGA package (10x16x1.04 mm in size), functioning as an entire computing system: +nRF9160, made by Nordic Semiconductor, is a \ac{SiP} combining multiple integrated circuits into a single LGA package (10x16x1.04 mm in size), functioning as an entire computing system: \begin{itemize} - \item Application Processor with Arm Cortex-M33 core at 64 MHz, 1 MB flash memory, 256 kB RAM and usual microcontroller peripherials - 4x SPI/UART/I2C, 4x PWM, PDM, I2S, 12-bit ADC @ 200 ksps, 3x timer, 2x RTC, WDT. - \item LTE modem (700 – 2000 MHz) operating in the both LPWAN modes: LTE-M (300/375 kbps DL/UL) and NB-IoT (30/60 kbps DL/UL), supporting IPv4/IPv6 internet layer with optional security using TCP/TLS in transport layer and modem firmware upgrades via FOTA (firmware over the air). - \item Radio-Frequency Front End (RFFE) - \item GNSS receiver + \item Application Processor with Arm Cortex-M33 core at 64 MHz, 1 MB flash memory, 256 kB RAM and usual microcontroller peripherals - 4x SPI/UART/I2C, 4x PWM, PDM, I2S, 12-bit ADC @ 200 ksps, 3x timer, 2x RTC, WDT. + \item LTE modem (700 – 2000 MHz) operating in the both \ac{LPWAN} modes: LTE-M (300/375 kbps DL/UL) and NB-IoT (30/60 kbps DL/UL), supporting IPv4/IPv6 internet layer with optional security using TCP/TLS in transport layer and modem firmware upgrades via \ac{FOTA} (firmware over the air). + \item \ac{RFFE} % /home/mike/Pictures/Screenshots/Screenshot from 2025-05-31 10-34-14.png + \item \ac{GNSS} receiver \item Power management integrated circuits. \end{itemize} @@ -24,6 +28,29 @@ nRF9160 is certified for global operations in multiple LTE bands, as shown in th Both SIM and eSIM are supported for connection and authentication with mobile network operators \cite{nrf91desc}. nRF9160 can be powered from relatively large range of voltages - from 3.0 to 5.5 V, allowing to directly connect Li-ion or Li-Po type batteries or USB-compatible power supplies. +\subsubsection{Architecture} + +The architecture of the \ac{SiP} consist of two mostly independent parts. One is a application processor that can be imagined as ordinary ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. And the other is programmable modem. These two cores communicate between each other using AT commands. For visual representation see figure \ref{fig:sipdiagram}. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/nrfdiagram.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic nRF9160 SiP architecture]{Nordic nRF9160 SiP architecture\cite{nrfsipbrief}} + \label{fig:sipdiagram} +\end{figure} + +Modem on nRF9160 can, without program memory change, operate with LTE-M, NB-IoT and \ac{GNSS} but not simultaneously. Switching between the two LTE modes is done by AT commands to the modem and it can be set to one or the other at one moment. There is an option for automatic mode where the modem evaluates both options and the better one on it own discretion \cite{nrfat}. + +Modem can get a geolocation information from the \ac{GNSS} satellite constellations but with following limitations \cite{nrfsipbrief}: +\begin{itemize} + \item Support only for \ac{GPS} layer 1 and \ac{QZSS} layer 1 + \item Maximum limit of concurrent active satellites of 12 + \item Cellular communication interrupts geolocation service +\end{itemize} + +\subsubsection{Manufacturing variations} + nRF9160 is manufactured in 3 modifications, sharing the same 127-pin LGA package, but differing in LTE modem capabilities, as shown in table \ref{tab:nrfchips} below. \begin{table}[!h] @@ -35,14 +62,161 @@ nRF9160 is manufactured in 3 modifications, sharing the same 127-pin LGA package \hline nRF9160-SICA & Only LTE-M \\ \hline nRF9160-SIBA & Only NB-IoT \\ \hline - nRF9160-SIAA & LTE-M, NB-IoT and GNSS \\ \hline + nRF9160-SIAA & LTE-M, NB-IoT and \ac{GNSS} \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption[nRF9160 product options]{nRF9160 LGA modules options and their limitations. \cite{nrf91datasheet}} \label{tab:nrfchips} \end{table} -\subsection{Modules with nRF9160} +Comparisons of the main parameters of the most common nRF9160 boards is provided in the following table \ref{tab:nrfmodules} taken from \cite{connexiodesc}: +\begin{table}[H] + \begin{center} + \scriptsize + \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} + \hline + & Stratus & Thingy:91 & Icarus & Feather & Pebble Tracker & Thing Plus \\\hline + \hline + Manufacturer & Connexio & Nordic Semi & Actinius & CircuitDojo & IoTex & Sparkfun \\\hline + Total Pins & 33 & 8 & 28 & 28 & None & 28 \\\hline + I/O Pins & 26 & 8 & 21 & 20 & None & 20 \\\hline + Energy Harvester & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Accelerometer & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\\hline + Environmental Sensors & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline + Onboard LEDS & 2 & 1 RGB & 1 RGB & 2 & 1 RGB & 2 \\\hline + Sensor power gating & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Power switch & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline + Lipo battery charger & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\\hline + USB interface & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\\hline + Debugging connector & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline + Prepaid Cellular data & 500 MB & 10 MB & 10 MB & 10 MB & No & 10 MB \\\hline + Cellular data validity & 10 years & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A \\\hline + SMS Data & 250 & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Dedicated sensor shield & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline + VS Code dev. extension & Yes & Yes & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Breadboard compatible & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\\hline + Edge Impulse ready & Yes & Yes & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Memfault ready & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline + Golioth ready & Yes & No & No & Yes & No & No \\\hline + Open-source & HW+SW & HW+SW & No & HW+SW & No & HW+SW \\\hline + Dimension [mm] & 50.8x22.8 & 58.8x58.5 & 50.8x22.8 & 50.8x22.8 & 53x35 & 58.42x22.86 \\\hline + Weight & \~5 g & 61 g & \~5 g & \~5 g & 10 g & \~5 g \\\hline + Price (USD) & \$159 & \$126.25 & \$115 & \$99 & \$215 & \$129.95 \\\hline + \end{tabular} + \end{center} + \caption[Comparation of nRF9160 modules]{Comparation of nRF9160 main modules} + \label{tab:nrfmodules} +\end{table} + +%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +%\section{Quectel RM520N} +% +%\begin{figure}[h!] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/RM520N.png} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Quectel RM520N]{Quectel RM520N series front view\cite{rm520ndatasheet}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%RM520N is a 5G Sub-6GHz IoT module, made by Chinese company Quectel, optimized for IoT and eMBB applications with worldwide spectrum coverage, but capable of also 3G/4G multi-mode operation. The module is made in an M.2 form factor (30 x 52 x 2.3 mm) with 4 antenna connectors and is compatible with \ac{3GPP} Release 16 specification, supporting both 5G NSA (data rates: 3.4 Gbps DL / 550 Mbps UL) and SA modes (data rates: 2.4 Gbps DL / 900 Mbps UL). +% +%The RM520N is an industrial-grade module for industrial and commercial applications. It should cover nearly all the mainstream carriers worldwide and support Qualcomm® IZat location technology Gen9C Lite (GPS, GLONASS, BDS and Galileo). The integrated \ac{GNSS} receiver simplifies the product design. +% +%It communicates using USB and PCIe drivers provided by Quectel for Windows 7 or higher, Linux, and Android. Main anticipated usage are industrial routers, home gateways, laptops / tablet PCs as well as IoT applications \cite{rm520ndatasheet}. +% +%The module comes in two variants: RM520N-GL with global coverage and RM520N-EU with EU frequency regulatory spectrum. +% +%\subsection{Modules with RM520N} +% +%Development support for RM520N modules is provided by a Chinese company Waveshare \cite{waveshare1}\cite{waveshare2} +%making several hardware kits for rapid development and implementation with RM520N and having a distribution network across EU (e.g. \url{https://rlx.sk/sk/vyhladavanie?controller=search&s=RM520N}) +% +%\subsubsection{Dongle} +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmdongle.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmdongle}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%5G DONGLE module \cite{rmdongle} +%providing simple expansion board with 4 SMA antenna connectors, nano SIM card holder, M2 connector for RM520N, heatsink and USB3.1 port for connecting to PC or Raspberry Pi. +% +%\subsubsection{Raspberry Pi HAT} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmpi.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmpi}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%5G HAT for Raspberry Pi \cite{rmpi} +%, with a case for Raspberry Pi 3B/4B, onboard USB3.1 and USB-C ports, 2x SIM card slot, 4 antennas, 3A power supply circuit. +% +%\subsubsection{USB/Ethernet converter} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmeth.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[USB/Ethernet converter]{USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G\cite{rmeth}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G \cite{rmeth} +%capable to connect RM520N module to its M2 connector header and acting as a 5G communication bridge to PC, industrial control hosts, Raspberry Pi, ethernet switch or router using their USB3.1 or Ethernet connections. +% +%\subsubsection{Module form Jetson Nano} +% +%\begin{figure}[H] +% \begin{center} +% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmjet.jpg} +% \end{center} +% \caption[Module for Jetson Nano]{Comunication module for Jetson Nano\cite{rmjet}} +% \label{} +%\end{figure} +% +%Communication module for Jetson Nano \cite{rmjet} +%- interface with M2 connector, USB3.1 port, audio jack and decoder, SIM card slot, 40-pin GPIO extension header for direct connection to Jetson Nano, 4 antennas. +% + +\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9161} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{obrazky/nrfchip9161.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic nRF9161 SiP]{Nordic nRF9161 SiP\cite{nrf91desc}} + \label{fig:sip61front} +\end{figure} + +nRF9161 is evolution of nRF9160 in same form-factor and it enables every function of its predecessor with additional and improved capabilities such as implementation of 3GPP Release 14 LTE-M/NB-IoT LTE stack and support for alternative modem firmware for \ac{DECT NR+} stack operating on 1.9 GHz band. Switching between \ac{LTE} and \ac{DECT NR+} is done by loading given firmware to modem part of the \ac{SiC}. \cite{cite} + +This means that application such LTE and \ac{DECT NR+} gateway would by using only nRF9161 need two of them (even though technologically dubious not so much from financial sense considering \texteuro 23 for single \ac{SiC}) \cite{} +% https://cz.mouser.com/ProductDetail/Nordic-Semiconductor/NRF9161-LACA-R + +Capabilities and description of DECT NR+ can be found in chapter \ref{dectdescrition}. + +\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9151} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{obrazky/nrfchip9151.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic nRF9151 SiP]{Nordic nRF9151 SiP\cite{nrf91desc}} + \label{fig:sip51front} +\end{figure} + +nRF9151 is another evolution o nRF9151. Its main advantages are smaller footprint (reduction of 20 \%), additional Power Class 5 (20 dBm) support for LTE stack and promise of eventual addition for \ac{NTN} \cite{cite}. + + + +\section{Modules with nRF91xx} There are several modules and development kits available with nRF9160 chipset, originating from Nordic Semiconductor, as well as from other vendors. @@ -56,7 +230,33 @@ There are several modules and development kits available with nRF9160 chipset, o \label{fig:dkfront} \end{figure} -nRF9160 DK is an official pre-certified development kit for nRF9160 made and supported by Nordic Semiconductor. It is equipped with LTE-M/NB-IoT antenna, GNSS antenna, SIM connector, eSIM card from iBasis preloaded with 10 MB data. All peripherial GPIO pins of nRF9160 are available through connectors and headers compatible with Arduino Uno Rev3 form factor, there are also 4 on-board LEDs, 2 buttons and 2 switches connected to the application processor GPIO. The board also includes nRF52840 board controller sharing the peripherials and allowing to build a Bluetooth Low Energy gateway. Powering and communication with PC are arranged via USB (virtual COM) port. Programming and debugging is enabled through the Segger J-Link OB. The nRF9160 DK is supported by a full suite of development software tools by Nordic Semiconductor, free to download and use commercially \cite{nrf91dkdesc}. +nRF9160 DK is an official pre-certified development kit for nRF9160 made and supported by Nordic Semiconductor. It is equipped with LTE-M/NB-IoT antenna, \ac{GNSS} antenna, SIM connector, eSIM card from iBasis preloaded with 10 MB data. All peripherial GPIO pins of nRF9160 are available through connectors and headers compatible with Arduino Uno Rev3 form factor, there are also 4 on-board LEDs, 2 buttons and 2 switches connected to the application processor GPIO. The board also includes nRF52840 board controller sharing the peripherials and allowing to build a Bluetooth Low Energy gateway. Powering and communication with PC are arranged via USB (virtual COM) port. Programming and debugging is enabled through the Segger J-Link OB. The nRF9160 DK is supported by a full suite of development software tools by Nordic Semiconductor, free to download and use commercially \cite{nrf91dkdesc}. + +\subsubsection{nRF9161 DK} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{obrazky/nrf9161DKfront.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic nRF9161DK]{Nordic nRF9161DK front view\cite{nrf91dkdesc}} + \label{fig:dk61front} +\end{figure} + +nRF9161 DK is nRF9160 but with nRF9161 instead of nRF9160 and USB-C. TODO: rozepsat + +\subsubsection{nRF9151 DK} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{obrazky/nrf9151DKfront.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic nRF9161DK]{Nordic nRF9161DK front view\cite{nrf91dkdesc}} + \label{fig:dk51front} +\end{figure} + +nRF9161 DK is nRF9161 DK but with nRF9151 instead of nRF9161. TODO: rozepsat + + \subsubsection{Nordic Thingy:91} @@ -68,9 +268,27 @@ nRF9160 DK is an official pre-certified development kit for nRF9160 made and sup \label{fig:thingy} \end{figure} -Nordic Thingy:91, also made by Nordic Semiconductor, is a compact small-factor module used as a rapid prototyping battery-operated platform, containing LTE-M/NB-IoT/GNSS, Bluetooth LE and NFC antennas, User-programmable button and RGB LEDs, environmental sensor for temperature, humidity, air quality and air pressure, plus a color and light sensor, low-power accelerometer and high-g accelerometer, rechargeable Li-Po battery with 1350 mAh capacity +Nordic Thingy:91, also made by Nordic Semiconductor, is a compact small-factor module used as a rapid prototyping battery-operated platform, containing LTE-M/NB-IoT/\ac{GNSS}, Bluetooth LE and NFC antennas, User-programmable button and RGB LEDs, environmental sensor for temperature, humidity, air quality and air pressure, plus a color and light sensor, low-power accelerometer and high-g accelerometer, rechargeable Li-Po battery with 1350 mAh capacity \cite{thingydesc}. +\subsubsection{Nordic Thingy:91X} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{obrazky/Thingy91x_board.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic Thingy:91X]{Thingy:91X view\cite{thingyxdesc}} + \label{fig:thingy} +\end{figure} + +%Nordic Thingy:91X, also made by Nordic Semiconductor, is a compact small-factor module used as a rapid prototyping battery-operated platform, containing LTE-M/NB-IoT/\ac{GNSS}, Bluetooth LE and NFC antennas, User-programmable button and RGB LEDs, environmental sensor for temperature, humidity, air quality and air pressure, plus a color and light sensor, low-power accelerometer and high-g accelerometer, rechargeable Li-Po battery with 1350 mAh capacity + +Thingy:91X is Thingy:91 but with nRF9161 instead of nRF9160 and \ac{Wi-Fi} chip nRF7001. TODO: rozepsat + +\cite{thingyxdesc}. + +% https://www.nordicsemi.com/-/media/Software-and-other-downloads/Product-Briefs/nRF9151-SiP-PB-v1.2.pdf + \subsubsection{NimbeLink Nano Global} \begin{figure}[H] @@ -120,7 +338,7 @@ Pebble Tracker, a crowdfunded module made by IoTex, is a battery operated IoT pr \label{fig:icarus} \end{figure} -Icarus SoM, made by Actinius, is a simple module with U.FL antenna connectors for GNSS and LTE, eSIM and accelerometer, with spare GPIO pins headed to PCB edge connectors +Icarus SoM, made by Actinius, is a simple module with U.FL antenna connectors for \ac{GNSS} and LTE, eSIM and accelerometer, with spare GPIO pins headed to PCB edge connectors \cite{icarusdesc}. \subsubsection{Icarus Bee} @@ -146,7 +364,7 @@ Icarus Bee, made by Actinius, expands the above-mentioned Icarus SoM module with \label{fig:icarusiot} \end{figure} -Icarus IoT Board v2, made by Actinius, contains nRF9160 chipset on a board with USB connector, U.FL antenna connectors for LTE and GNSS, LiPo charger, eSIM and nano SIM connector, accelerometer and SPI flash memory, with pin headers compatible with Adafruit Feather footprint +Icarus IoT Board v2, made by Actinius, contains nRF9160 chipset on a board with USB connector, U.FL antenna connectors for LTE and \ac{GNSS}, LiPo charger, eSIM and nano SIM connector, accelerometer and SPI flash memory, with pin headers compatible with Adafruit Feather footprint \cite{icarusiotdesc}. \subsubsection{nRF9160 Feather} @@ -172,10 +390,10 @@ nRF9160 Feather, made by CircuitDojo, is a design with pin headers compatible wi \label{} \end{figure} -SparkFun Thing Plus nRF9160, made by SparkFun, is another board with Adafruit Feather footprint and similar to Icarus IoT Board v2 described above, however with USB-C connector and providing 4 MB SPI flash memory, LiPo charger, low power RTC, a button, a LED, two U.FL antennas for LTE and GNSS +SparkFun Thing Plus nRF9160, made by SparkFun, is another board with Adafruit Feather footprint and similar to Icarus IoT Board v2 described above, however with USB-C connector and providing 4 MB SPI flash memory, LiPo charger, low power RTC, a button, a LED, two U.FL antennas for LTE and \ac{GNSS} \cite{sparkfundesc}. -\subsubsection{Connexio Stratus (Pro)} +\subsubsection{Connexio Stratus} \begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} @@ -188,132 +406,22 @@ SparkFun Thing Plus nRF9160, made by SparkFun, is another board with Adafruit Fe Connexio Stratus, a crowd-funded development board, has a similar design to the SparkFun board above, adding SIM with 500 MB of mobile data, energy harvesting integrated circuit for Li-ion and NiMH battery charging, LiPo battery connection and charging, 2 push-buttons, 1 LED, SHT4x temperature and humidity sensor, LIS2DH 3-axial accelerometer \cite{connexiodesc}. -% TUTUT +\subsubsection{Connexio Stratus Pro} -Comparisons of the main parameters of the most common nRF9160 boards is provided in the following table \ref{tab:nrfmodules} taken from \cite{connexiodesc}: -\begin{table}[H] +\begin{figure}[H] \begin{center} - \scriptsize - \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|l|} - \hline - & Stratus & Thingy:91 & Icarus & Feather & Pebble Tracker & Thing Plus \\\hline - \hline - Manufacturer & Conexio & Nordic Semi & Actinius & CircuitDojo & IoTex & Sparkfun \\\hline - Total Pins & 33 & 8 & 28 & 28 & None & 28 \\\hline - I/O Pins & 26 & 8 & 21 & 20 & None & 20 \\\hline - Energy Harvester & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Accelerometer & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\\hline - Environmental Sensors & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline - Onboard LEDS & 2 & 1 RGB & 1 RGB & 2 & 1 RGB & 2 \\\hline - Sensor power gating & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Power switch & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline - Lipo battery charger & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\\hline - USB interface & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes & Yes \\\hline - Debugging connector & Yes & Yes & No & No & Yes & No \\\hline - Prepaid Cellular data & 500 MB & 10 MB & 10 MB & 10 MB & No & 10 MB \\\hline - Cellular data validity & 10 years & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A & N/A \\\hline - SMS Data & 250 & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Dedicated sensor shield & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline - VS Code dev. extension & Yes & Yes & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Breadboard compatible & Yes & No & Yes & Yes & No & Yes \\\hline - Edge Impulse ready & Yes & Yes & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Memfault ready & Yes & No & No & No & No & No \\\hline - Golioth ready & Yes & No & No & Yes & No & No \\\hline - Open-source & HW+SW & HW+SW & No & HW+SW & No & HW+SW \\\hline - Dimension [mm] & 50.8x22.8 & 58.8x58.5 & 50.8x22.8 & 50.8x22.8 & 53x35 & 58.42x22.86 \\\hline - Weight & \~5 g & 61 g & \~5 g & \~5 g & 10 g & \~5 g \\\hline - Price (USD) & \$159 & \$126.25 & \$115 & \$99 & \$215 & \$129.95 \\\hline - \end{tabular} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{obrazky/connexio.jpg} \end{center} - \caption[Comparation of nRF9160 modules]{Comparation of nRF9160 main modules} - \label{tab:nrfmodules} -\end{table} - -%%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -%\section{Quectel RM520N} -% -%\begin{figure}[h!] -% \begin{center} -% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/RM520N.png} -% \end{center} -% \caption[Quectel RM520N]{Quectel RM520N series front view\cite{rm520ndatasheet}} -% \label{} -%\end{figure} -% -%RM520N is a 5G Sub-6GHz IoT module, made by Chinese company Quectel, optimized for IoT and eMBB applications with worldwide spectrum coverage, but capable of also 3G/4G multi-mode operation. The module is made in an M.2 form factor (30 x 52 x 2.3 mm) with 4 antenna connectors and is compatible with \ac{3GPP} Release 16 specification, supporting both 5G NSA (data rates: 3.4 Gbps DL / 550 Mbps UL) and SA modes (data rates: 2.4 Gbps DL / 900 Mbps UL). -% -%The RM520N is an industrial-grade module for industrial and commercial applications. It should cover nearly all the mainstream carriers worldwide and support Qualcomm® IZat location technology Gen9C Lite (GPS, GLONASS, BDS and Galileo). The integrated GNSS receiver simplifies the product design. -% -%It communicates using USB and PCIe drivers provided by Quectel for Windows 7 or higher, Linux, and Android. Main anticipated usage are industrial routers, home gateways, laptops / tablet PCs as well as IoT applications \cite{rm520ndatasheet}. -% -%The module comes in two variants: RM520N-GL with global coverage and RM520N-EU with EU frequency regulatory spectrum. -% -%\subsection{Modules with RM520N} -% -%Development support for RM520N modules is provided by a Chinese company Waveshare \cite{waveshare1}\cite{waveshare2} -%making several hardware kits for rapid development and implementation with RM520N and having a distribution network across EU (e.g. \url{https://rlx.sk/sk/vyhladavanie?controller=search&s=RM520N}) -% -%\subsubsection{Dongle} -%\begin{figure}[H] -% \begin{center} -% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmdongle.jpg} -% \end{center} -% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmdongle}} -% \label{} -%\end{figure} -% -%5G DONGLE module \cite{rmdongle} -%providing simple expansion board with 4 SMA antenna connectors, nano SIM card holder, M2 connector for RM520N, heatsink and USB3.1 port for connecting to PC or Raspberry Pi. -% -%\subsubsection{Raspberry Pi HAT} -% -%\begin{figure}[H] -% \begin{center} -% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmpi.jpg} -% \end{center} -% \caption[Waveshare dongle]{Waveshare dongle\cite{rmpi}} -% \label{} -%\end{figure} -% -%5G HAT for Raspberry Pi \cite{rmpi} -%, with a case for Raspberry Pi 3B/4B, onboard USB3.1 and USB-C ports, 2x SIM card slot, 4 antennas, 3A power supply circuit. -% -%\subsubsection{USB/Ethernet converter} -% -%\begin{figure}[H] -% \begin{center} -% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmeth.jpg} -% \end{center} -% \caption[USB/Ethernet converter]{USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G\cite{rmeth}} -% \label{} -%\end{figure} -% -%USB3.1 / Gigabit Ethernet converter to 5G \cite{rmeth} -%capable to connect RM520N module to its M2 connector header and acting as a 5G communication bridge to PC, industrial control hosts, Raspberry Pi, ethernet switch or router using their USB3.1 or Ethernet connections. -% -%\subsubsection{Module form Jetson Nano} -% -%\begin{figure}[H] -% \begin{center} -% \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/rmjet.jpg} -% \end{center} -% \caption[Module for Jetson Nano]{Comunication module for Jetson Nano\cite{rmjet}} -% \label{} -%\end{figure} -% -%Communication module for Jetson Nano \cite{rmjet} -%- interface with M2 connector, USB3.1 port, audio jack and decoder, SIM card slot, 40-pin GPIO extension header for direct connection to Jetson Nano, 4 antennas. -% + \caption[Connexio Stratus]{Connexio Stratus\cite{connexiodesc}} + \label{} +\end{figure} -\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9161} +Connexio Stratus Pro, a crowd-funded development board, has a similar design to the SparkFun board above, adding SIM with 500 MB of mobile data, energy harvesting integrated circuit for Li-ion and NiMH battery charging, LiPo battery connection and charging, 2 push-buttons, 1 LED, SHT4x temperature and humidity sensor, LIS2DH 3-axial accelerometer -nRF9161 is evolution of nRF9160 in same form-factor and it enables every function of its predecessor with additional and improved capabilities such as implementation of 3GPP Release 14 LTE-M/NB-IoT LTE stack and support for alternative modem firmware for DECT NR+ stack. \cite{cite} -Capabilities and description of DECT NR+ can be found in chapter \ref{dectdescrition}. +Connexio Stratus Pron is Connexio Stratus but with nRF9151 instead of nRF9160. TODO: rozepsat -\section{Nordic Semiconductor nRF9151} +\cite{connexiodesc}. -nRF9151 is another evolution o nRF9151. Its main advantages are smaller footprint (reduction of 20 \%), additional Power Class 5 (20 dBm) support for LTE stack and promise of eventual addition for \ac{NTN} \cite{cite}. -% https://www.nordicsemi.com/-/media/Software-and-other-downloads/Product-Briefs/nRF9151-SiP-PB-v1.2.pdf \ No newline at end of file +% TUTUT diff --git a/text/demohw.tex b/text/demohw.tex index 1fb1a58..a457d03 100644 --- a/text/demohw.tex +++ b/text/demohw.tex @@ -1,5 +1,73 @@ -\chapter{Demonstration tacker and stationary smart sensor} -\section{Antenna} -\section{PCB} -\section{Case} -\section{End-result} +%\chapter{Demonstration tracker} + +\chapter{Practical demonstration - tracker with meteo sensor} + +For practical demonstration of an IoT device with 4G/5G connectivity, a development kit Connexio Pro with nRF9161 was selected. + +Practical demonstration of an IoT device with LTE-M or NB-IoT connectivity was made on an example of an GPS tracker with meteo sensor, transferring data to a remote cloud server via MQTT protocol, simulating a data transfer to a central panel. + +\section{Hardware} + +nRF9161 DK development kit was adapted with an add-on board made from a universal line \ac{PCB} with headers fitting to Connexio Pro headers. The add-on PCB contained connections Li-ion accumulator and meteo sensor BME680. + +Electronic and PCB schemes with 3D render of PCB can be found in appendix \ref{chap:demoapp}. + +\begin{figure}[!h] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{obrazky/32_PCB3.JPG} + \end{center} + \caption[Overview of security and fire alarm]{Overview of security and fire alarm board} + \label{fig:pcb1} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[!h] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{obrazky/32_PCB3.JPG} + \end{center} + \caption[Overview of security and fire alarm]{Overview of security and fire alarm board} + \label{fig:pcb2} +\end{figure} + + +\section{Firmware tools} + +nRF Connect SDK was used as a software platform for the demo application. nRF Connect SDK is a unified software development kit for building products based on all Nordic nRF Series wireless devices. It integrates the Zephyr RTOS and wide range of samples, application protocols, protocol stacks, libraries and hardware drivers \cite{zephyrpp}. + +It offers a single code base for all Nordic devices and software components. It simplifies porting modules, libraries and drivers from one application to another, thus reducing development time. nRF Connect SDK is publicly available under OpenSource license, offers source code management with Git and has free nRF Connect for Visual Studio Code IDE support. Zephyr RTOS furthemore provides extensive amount of libraries including standardized access to basic peripheries, IP stack and \ac{MQTT} library \cite{nrfsdk}. + +\ac{MQTT} is a lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol that enables efficient and reliable communication between devices in the IoT domain. \ac{MQTT} is based on a broker-client architecture, where a broker is a server that receives and routes messages from multiple clients, and a client is any device that can publish or subscribe to a topic. A topic is a hierarchical identifier that defines the content and scope of a message\cite{mqtt}. + +This firmware is based on nRF Connect SDK example named Simple \ac{MQTT}\cite{nrfmqtt}. + +\section{Firmware outline} + +\subsection{LTE network connection} + +First task for the demo firmware is an establishment of a connection to LTE network. This is mostly handled by function \texttt{modem\_configure()}, which turns off power saving modes for better responsivity and calls HAL function \texttt{lte\_lc\_init\_and\_connect()}. + +\texttt{lte\_lc\_init\_and\_connect()} takes all modem settings from text config files transferred to macros by Kconfig. This ilustrates a possibility of cross-platform or regionally independent application, where only the config files for given platform or region are needed to be changed. + +\subsection{ADC configuration} +When connection with LTE network is successfully established, ADC is configured. Two analog input channels are used in this demo - AIN4 on P0.17 pin connected to LM35 temperature sensor and AIN5 on P0.18 connected to MQ-2 combustible gas sensor. For both channels, \texttt{adc\_channel\_cfg} structs are initialized and channels are set to 10bit resolution, internal 0.6 V reference voltage and 1/2 divider using \texttt{adc\_channel\_cfg()}, setting channels voltage range to 1.2 V. Both channels (if they are enabled by the button configuration) are then sampled in set interval using a custom fuction \texttt{adc\_sample()} and printed to USB serial. + +\subsection{Digital inputs and outputs} +For ease of implementation, digital sensors on GPIO pins P0.16 (DRV5033) and P0.19 (PIR) were added to the device tree as additional development kit buttons. This avoided the need for their own separate initialization and reading codes. + +These digital input sensors are then processed as buttons using callback handler \texttt{button\_handler()}. This function is called with bitmasks \texttt{button\_states} and \texttt{has\_changed}, making it ease to figure state change for these two sensors. + +Two buttons and two switchers are used for optionally disabling the corresponding sensors. This is executed in \texttt{button\_handler()}. + +Four on-board LEDs are used for local signalization of status of PIR sensor (LED1) and Hall effect sensor (LED2), as well as over-threshold values of temperature (LED3) and combustible gas (LED4) sensors. + +\subsection{MQTT} + +Communication with MQTT server is done by zephyr/net/mqtt.h library. Connection with the server is attempted after LTE and sensors setup with function \texttt{mqtt\_connect()}. +Publishing of message is achieved by function \texttt{mqtt\_publish()} upon a digital sensor is activated or analog sensor exceeds the set threshold value. Example of the MQTT communication sent to a virtual server is shown in figure \ref{fig:mqttcom}. + +\begin{figure}[!h] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.2\textwidth]{obrazky/mqttcom.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Demo MQTT communication]{Sample of resulting MQTT communication} + \label{fig:mqttcom} +\end{figure} diff --git a/text/labina.tex b/text/labina.tex index 3feb68e..30514b2 100644 --- a/text/labina.tex +++ b/text/labina.tex @@ -1,171 +1,346 @@ \chapter{Laboratory testing} -\textit{Každá section jak protokol, Co chci změřit, Fyzika - princip toho co měřím, čím to měřím, zapojení měřící techniky, tabulky, graf} +This chapter will evaluate selected \ac{IoT} modules in laboratory setting based on their two critical performance indicators: their wireless data transmission capabilities and their associated power consumption depending on signal quality. -\section{Communication range} +Here is an overview of the main aspects considered in the chosen measurement method: -One of main consideration when choosing a IoT platform is communication range. Main source of attenuation of radio energy caused by electric field dispersion/diffusion of electric field. This effect if best described by \ac{FSPL}: +The goal fo this chapter is to evaluate the nRF916x performance parameters in different operating conditions. For each of these conditions \ac{RF} parameters are gathered directly from the modem and information of power consumption using external ampere meter. -\begin{equation} - FSPL=\left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 -\end{equation} +Chosen simulated conditions are payload size, signal strength and operating mode. -Signal attenuation is also dependent on directivity of antennas and loss on connectors and \textbf{electrical wiring}. When antenna and transmission total \textbf{gain} is constant and can be added to equation like this: +To include most of potential use-cases the outlined parameters will be measured for three different payload sizes: +\begin{itemize} + \item 0 B - empty transmission for reference on protocols overhead + \item 64 B - usual amount of data for simpler IoT devices + \item 1024 B - larger continuous data block transfer +\end{itemize} -\begin{equation} - A = D_{ANT} \cdot A_{RX} \cdot \left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 -\end{equation} +This is done for ever increasing signal attenuation until communicating can be no longer established. +Decline of signal strength is simulated using addition attenuators between \ac{RF} output and antenna. Additional shielding was necessary for prevention of \ac{RF} leaking. EMC champer is sufficient for this case. + +This procedure is done for both NB-IoT and LTE-M. + +\section{RF parameters - nRF modem} + +The radio parameters can be measured with specialized measurement equipment to evaluate objective characteristics or directly on the specific RF chip/modem. +Usage of "on-chip" statistics has lower resolution compared to specialized measurement equipment such as spectrum analyzer but their integration into existing \ac{RF} circuits can introduce even more variability and thus lower the accuracy of measuring and still without getting the real signal that decoded by the modem. +Another key point for consideration of "on-chip measurement" is the fact that these are the values that the modem considers for its signal quality evaluation and for subsequent setting of radio output parameters regardless on the opinion of more accurate measuring instrument. + +As described in chapter \ref{chap:nrfdesc} Nordic \ac{SiP}s consist of application core and modem core. The modem is responsible for all radio and communication related tasks. Among other it is a evaluation of signal quality based on which it select different \ac{BTS}s and optimal communication parameters. Communication with application core is done using the AT commands. As a form of human-machine abstraction layer \ac{NCS} includes a \ac{MoSh}. \ac{MoSh} is an application that runs in application core and encapsulates AT commands in unix-like commands. \cite{ncsmosh} + +First used command for communication evaluation is \texttt{ping}. This command establishes a \ac{ICMP} connection and outputs packet drop and transfer duration both are gathered for later analysis. + +The destination of these pings i a Cloudflare DNS service 1.1.1.1. It was chosen for their massive network infrastructure and according to them the fastest connection \cite{oneoneoneone}. + +%Ping command has this signature: \texttt{ ping -d DESTINATION -c COUNT -t TIMEOUT -i INTERVAL -L PAYLOAD_LENGTH }. + +Example from testing of NB-IoT on nRF9161 with 10 dB additional attenuation: +{ \tiny +\begin{lstlisting} +mosh:~$ ping -d 1.1.1.1 -c 10 -t 10000 -i 100 -l 1024 +Initiating ping to: 1.1.1.1 +Source IP addr: 100.97.68.179 +Destination IP addr: 1.1.1.1 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.448secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=2.082secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.490secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=3.103secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.089secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.171secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.364secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.891secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.581secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Pinging 1.1.1.1 results: time=1.124secs, payload sent: 1024, payload received 1024 +Ping statistics for 1.1.1.1: + Packets: Sent = 10, Received = 10, Lost = 0 (0% loss) +Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: + Minimum = 1089ms, Maximum = 3103ms, Average = 1634ms +Pinging DONE +\end{lstlisting} + +} + +Second command for communication evaluation is \texttt{link status}. This command prints out last done report of \ac{BTS} connection. For it to be accurate it is done after all \texttt{ping} commands. Items saved for analysis are \ac{RSRP} and \ac{SNR}. + +Example from testing of NB-IoT on nRF9161 with 10 dB additional attenuation: + +{ \tiny +\begin{lstlisting} +mosh:~$ link status +Modem functional mode: normal +Network registration status: Connected - roaming +Modem config for system mode: NB-IoT +Modem config for LTE preference: No preference, automatically selected by the modem +Currently active system mode: NB-IoT +Battery voltage: 5054 mV +Modem temperature: 28 C +Device ID: nrf-358299840012328 +Operator full name: "Vodafone" +Operator short name: "VF" +Operator PLMN: "23003" +Current cell id: 269600 (0x00041D20) +Current phy cell id: 400 +Current band: 20 +Current TAC: 48024 (0xBB98) +Current rsrp: 57: -84dBm +Current snr: 26: 2dB +Mobile network time and date: 25/05/19,13:08:15+08 +PDP context info 1: + CID: 0 + PDN ID: 0 + PDP context active: yes + PDP type: IP + APN: lpwa.vodafone.com + IPv4 MTU: 1430 + IPv4 address: 100.97.68.179 + IPv6 address: :: + IPv4 DNS address: 217.14.160.130, 217.14.164.35 + IPv6 DNS address: ::, :: +} +\end{lstlisting} + +} + +Another two commands are \texttt{link sysmode} for switching between NB-IoT and LTE-M and \texttt{link funmode} for turning the modem to and from flight-mode for save antenna and attenuators reconfiguration. + +\section{Power consumption - ampere meter} + +Power consumption can be accurately measured with negligible influenced by introduction of additional measurement equipment so measurement with external meter was chosen over the modem estimates or table values. For the power consumption evaluation of \ac{IoT} devices there are two different factors to consider. First is standby or sleep power that is usually long (orders of minutes or hours) and very small (orders of miliamps) and second are short rapid transmission spikes in orders of amperes. This requires ampere meter with very high sampling speed and very high dynamic range. + +For measuring of power consumption was done using Nordic \ac{PPK II}, seen in picture \ref{fig:ppk}. \ac{PPK II} was chosen for its high sampling rate, large dynamic range and its good integration with other Nordic applications and development kits. + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{obrazky/ppk2foto.png} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic Power Profiler Kit II]{Nordic Power Profiler Kit II\cite{ppkdatasheet}} + \label{fig:ppk} +\end{figure} + + +Its key features are \cite{ppkdatasheet}: +\begin{itemize} + \item 200nA to 1A current measurement range with a resolution that varies between 100nA and 1mA + \item Source mode and ampere meter mode + \item 100 ksps sampling rate + \item 8 digital inputs for logic analyzer support + \item Supported through nRF Connect for Desktop's Power Profiler app +\end{itemize} -Where $D_{ANT}$ is directivity of antenna and $A_{RX}$ is total loss from \ac{RF} connector to \ac{LTE} modem. These must be accounted to only when measuring on directly on LTE modem. +The measurement setup of nRF9161 DK with PPK II in EMC chamber and addition attenuators can be seen in figure \ref{fig:ppkmeas}. These development kits from Nordic enable a direct connection of serial ampere meter using special pins. This is them main reason why both boards were chosen for this measurement. -This can be converted to simplify calculation to decibel form: +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{obrazky/nrfppkemc.jpg} + \end{center} + \caption[Nordic PPK II measuring setup]{Nordic Power Profiler Kit II measuring setup with nRF9161 in EMC chamber\cite{ppkdatasheet}} + \label{fig:ppkmeas} +\end{figure} -\begin{equation} - A = D_{ANT}^{[dB]} + A_{RX}^{[dB]} + 10 \cdot \log_{10} \left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 -\end{equation} +The output of PPK II can be seen in figure \ref{fig:ltemcurr} for LTE-M and and in figure \ref{fig:nbiotcurr}. -From this a maximal range can be simulated using \ac{RF} attenuators in laboratory environment by converting +Yellow vertical lines mark a start of ping set and red vertical it end. These boundaries were set due to noise manually. +Green horizontal line indicates average draw in idle state where the modem does not communicate in cellular network. Red horizontal line indicates average draw in ready state where communication is established without need for active communication. Both "horizontal" values are calculated using Python script from the measured data. -\begin{equation} - d = A_{max} -\end{equation} +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{mereni/komora2/nrf9161_nb-iot_measured_current_20dB.png} + \end{center} + \caption[PPK II current plot of NB-IoT]{Current plot of nRF9161 communicating using NB-IoT} + \label{fig:nbiotcurr} +\end{figure} -\subsection{Antennas} +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{mereni/komora2/nrf9161_lte-m_measured_current_20dB.png} + \end{center} + \caption[PPK II current plot of LTE-M]{Current plot of nRF9161 communicating using LTE-M} + \label{fig:ltemcurr} +\end{figure} -For ability to add additional attenuators external antennas had to be made. For this a $\lambda / 4$ monopole antenna design has been chosen. +Another value that is calculated from these data and cannot be depicted in the chart is the raw charge needed for transmission of one packet. This is calculated by integration of the current over time set by the boundaries. This value expressed in coulombs or more commonly in mAh. +\section{Results} -O2 on 800 MHz -Dosah zásvisí na vzdálenosti, v ideálních podmínkách line of sight Free-space path loss +\input{mereni/ltem61_1024_table} -Popis Free-space path loss, teorie, vzorečky +This is -Technika - variable attenuator, +Complete data are for their large extent placed in Appendix \ref{appendix:ltetables}. -Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER -\section{Noise immunity - reliability} -Noise makes signal bad, reciver much sad. +%\chapter{Labina osnova} -Teorie, vzorecky, Bit error rate, Added white gausian noise -Teoreticke vypocty pro NB-IoT, LTE-M, DECT NR+ +%\textit{Každá section jak protokol, Co chci změřit, Fyzika - princip toho co měřím, čím to měřím, zapojení měřící techniky, tabulky, graf} -Technika zdroj šumu, směšovač, +%\section{Communication range} -Pro jednotlivé AWGN a CNR carier noise ratio -Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER , spotřeba +%One of main consideration when choosing a IoT platform is communication range. Main source of attenuation of radio energy caused by electric field dispersion/diffusion of electric field. This effect if best described by \ac{FSPL}: -\section{Power consumption} +%\begin{equation} + %FSPL=\left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 +%\end{equation} -\colorbox{orange}{Toto asi bude chujovina} -With wireless communication often comes an incentive for power source without need for external wires and power transmission network. Significant research has been made to alternative power sources for IoT devices from prevalent energy sources like light, vibration, temperature gradient and similar. Use of small solar panels with potential large capacitor seems to be the most viable out of these but there [tuzdroj]. +%Signal attenuation is also dependent on directivity of antennas and loss on connectors and \textbf{electrical wiring}. When antenna and transmission total \textbf{gain} is constant and can be added to equation like this: -\colorbox{orange}{Konec chujoviny} +%\begin{equation} + %A = D_{ANT} \cdot A_{RX} \cdot \left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 +%\end{equation} -All power sources expect the ones connected directly to energy power grid have some sort of limited capacity. In the case of primary batteries and rechargeable batteries this limit is absolute and usually has to be guarantied in terms of +%Where $D_{ANT}$ is directivity of antenna and $A_{RX}$ is total loss from \ac{RF} connector to \ac{LTE} modem. These must be accounted to only when measuring on directly on LTE modem. +%This can be converted to simplify calculation to decibel form: +%\begin{equation} + %A = D_{ANT}^{[dB]} + A_{RX}^{[dB]} + 10 \cdot \log_{10} \left( \frac{4 \pi d}{\lambda} \right) ^2 +%\end{equation} +%From this a maximal range can be simulated using \ac{RF} attenuators in laboratory environment by converting -%Globální oteplování bad, small battery good +%\begin{equation} + %d = A_{max} +%\end{equation} -\subsection{Nordic Power Profiler Kit II} +%\subsection{Antennas} -\section{Latency} +%For ability to add additional attenuators external antennas had to be made. For this a $\lambda / 4$ monopole antenna design has been chosen. -Pro jednotlivé AWGN a CNR carier noise ratio -Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER , spotřeba , latence -Experimentální ověření NB-IoT, LTC-M, DECT NR+: -\begin{itemize} - \item dosah - popis cesty šíření ve volném prostoru, odkaz na teoretický výpočet útlumi vzdáleností ve volném prostředí ve vzduchu. Popis atenuátoru. - \item spotřeba - variabilní snižování síly signálu, popis Power Profiler Kit II - \item přenosová rychlost - primárně pro DECT, praktická superhurbá přenosová rychlost UDP Byty/(čas od konce do začátku sleep) - \item odolnost vůči šumu - VF generátor šumu, teorie -\end{itemize} +%O2 on 800 MHz -Experimentální ověření DECT NR+ navíc: -\begin{itemize} - \item spolehlivost - - \item latence - -\end{itemize} -Teorie mereni - Náhradní modely prostředí. Degradace signálu. - -Popis experimentální instrumentace a sestav. - -Spotřeba, packet drop, rychlost, latence závislá na útlumu (popř. intenzita bílého šumu) (vsechny protokoly) - -\section{Measurement} - -\begin{sidewaystable} - \centering - - \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} - \hline - \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Nominal} & - \multicolumn{3}{c|}{nRF modem} & - \multicolumn{2}{c|}{nRF FW} & - \multicolumn{6}{c|}{Power Kit II} \\ - \hline - $K_U$ & CL & $P_I$ & $Q_I$ & $SNR$ & $T_{lat}$ & $PD$ & $P_{TX}$ & $P_{RX}$ & W & $T_{TX}$ & $T_{RX}$ & $R_B$ \\ - - [dB] & [dB] & [dBm] & [dBm] & [dB] & [ms] & [\%] & [mA] & [mA] & [J/msg] & [$\mu$ s] & [$\mu$ s] & [kB/s] \\\hline - 0 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 3 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 6 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 10 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 13 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 16 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 20 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 23 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 26 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 30 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 33 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 36 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 40 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 43 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 46 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 50 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 53 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 56 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 60 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - \end{tabular} -\caption{NB-IoT / LTE-M measurements for message length = X B and added noise = X dBm} -\end{sidewaystable} - - - - -\begin{sidewaystable} - \centering - - \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} - \hline - \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Nominal} & - \multicolumn{5}{c|}{nRF modem} & - \multicolumn{6}{c|}{Power Kit II} \\ - \hline - $K_U$ & CL & $RSSI$ & $RSSI-2$ & $SNR$ & $T_{lat}$ & $PD$ & $P_{TX}$ & $P_{RX}$ & W & $T_{TX}$ & $T_{RX}$ & $R_B$ \\ - - [dB] & [dB] & [dBm] & [dBm] & [dB] & [ms] & [\%] & [mA] & [mA] & [J/msg] & [$\mu$ s] & [$\mu$ s] & [kB/s] \\\hline - 0 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 3 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 6 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 10 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 13 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 16 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 20 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 23 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 26 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 30 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 33 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 36 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - 40 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline - \end{tabular} -\caption{DECT-NR+ measurements for message length = X B and added noise = X dBm} -\end{sidewaystable} +%Dosah zásvisí na vzdálenosti, v ideálních podmínkách line of sight Free-space path loss + +%Popis Free-space path loss, teorie, vzorečky + +%Technika - variable attenuator, + +%Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER + +%\section{Noise immunity - reliability} + +%Noise makes signal bad, reciver much sad. + +%Teorie, vzorecky, Bit error rate, Added white gausian noise + +%Teoreticke vypocty pro NB-IoT, LTE-M, DECT NR+ + +%Technika zdroj šumu, směšovač, + +%Pro jednotlivé AWGN a CNR carier noise ratio +%Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER , spotřeba + +%\section{Power consumption} + +%\colorbox{orange}{Toto asi bude chujovina} +%With wireless communication often comes an incentive for power source without need for external wires and power transmission network. Significant research has been made to alternative power sources for IoT devices from prevalent energy sources like light, vibration, temperature gradient and similar. Use of small solar panels with potential large capacitor seems to be the most viable out of these but there [tuzdroj]. + +%\colorbox{orange}{Konec chujoviny} + +%All power sources expect the ones connected directly to energy power grid have some sort of limited capacity. In the case of primary batteries and rechargeable batteries this limit is absolute and usually has to be guarantied in terms of + + + + +%%Globální oteplování bad, small battery good + +%\subsection{Nordic Power Profiler Kit II} + +%\section{Latency} + +%Pro jednotlivé AWGN a CNR carier noise ratio +%Tabulka utlum , km ve free-space , teoreticka sila signalu , signal na vstupu podle FW , packet drop / BER , spotřeba , latence + +%Experimentální ověření NB-IoT, LTC-M, DECT NR+: +%\begin{itemize} + %\item dosah - popis cesty šíření ve volném prostoru, odkaz na teoretický výpočet útlumi vzdáleností ve volném prostředí ve vzduchu. Popis atenuátoru. + %\item spotřeba - variabilní snižování síly signálu, popis Power Profiler Kit II + %\item přenosová rychlost - primárně pro DECT, praktická superhurbá přenosová rychlost UDP Byty/(čas od konce do začátku sleep) + %\item odolnost vůči šumu - VF generátor šumu, teorie +%\end{itemize} + +%Experimentální ověření DECT NR+ navíc: +%\begin{itemize} + %\item spolehlivost - + %\item latence - +%\end{itemize} + +%Teorie mereni - Náhradní modely prostředí. Degradace signálu. + +%Popis experimentální instrumentace a sestav. + +%Spotřeba, packet drop, rychlost, latence závislá na útlumu (popř. intenzita bílého šumu) (vsechny protokoly) + +%\section{Measurement} + +%\begin{sidewaystable} + %\centering + + %\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} + %\hline + %\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Nominal} & + %\multicolumn{3}{c|}{nRF modem} & + %\multicolumn{2}{c|}{nRF FW} & + %\multicolumn{6}{c|}{Power Kit II} \\ + %\hline + %$K_U$ & CL & $P_I$ & $Q_I$ & $SNR$ & $T_{lat}$ & $PD$ & $P_{TX}$ & $P_{RX}$ & W & $T_{TX}$ & $T_{RX}$ & $R_B$ \\ + + %[dB] & [dB] & [dBm] & [dBm] & [dB] & [ms] & [\%] & [mA] & [mA] & [J/msg] & [$\mu$ s] & [$\mu$ s] & [kB/s] \\\hline + %0 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %3 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %6 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %10 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %13 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %16 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %20 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %23 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %26 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %30 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %33 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %36 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %40 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %43 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %46 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %50 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %53 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %56 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %60 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %\end{tabular} +%\caption{NB-IoT / LTE-M measurements for message length = X B and added noise = X dBm} +%\end{sidewaystable} + + + + +%\begin{sidewaystable} + %\centering + + %\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} + %\hline + %\multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Nominal} & + %\multicolumn{5}{c|}{nRF modem} & + %\multicolumn{6}{c|}{Power Kit II} \\ + %\hline + %$K_U$ & CL & $RSSI$ & $RSSI-2$ & $SNR$ & $T_{lat}$ & $PD$ & $P_{TX}$ & $P_{RX}$ & W & $T_{TX}$ & $T_{RX}$ & $R_B$ \\ + + %[dB] & [dB] & [dBm] & [dBm] & [dB] & [ms] & [\%] & [mA] & [mA] & [J/msg] & [$\mu$ s] & [$\mu$ s] & [kB/s] \\\hline + %0 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %3 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %6 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %10 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %13 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %16 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %20 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %23 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %26 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %30 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %33 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %36 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %40 & -140 & -80 & 10 & 40 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 98 & 10 & 0.1 & 400 & 400 & 1 \\ \hline + %\end{tabular} +%\caption{DECT-NR+ measurements for message length = X B and added noise = X dBm} +%\end{sidewaystable} diff --git a/text/literatura.tex b/text/literatura.tex index e02518b..2f8676c 100644 --- a/text/literatura.tex +++ b/text/literatura.tex @@ -334,6 +334,28 @@ Avaible at: {\small \url{https://www.zephyrproject.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2023/09/Zephyr-Overview.pdf} } +\bibitem{ncsmosh} + Nordic semiconductor. + \emph{Cellular: Modem Shell [online]} + 2025, 2023-5-30 [cited~on~2025-5-30]. + Avaible at: + {\small \url{https://docs.nordicsemi.com/bundle/ncs-latest/page/nrf/samples/cellular/modem_shell/README.html} } + +\bibitem{ppkdatasheet} + Nordic semiconductor. + \emph{Power Profiler Kit Product Brief Version 1.0 [pdf]} + 2021 [cited~on~2025-5-30]. + Avaible at: + {\small \url{https://cz.mouser.com/datasheet/2/297/Power_Profiler_Kit_II_PB_v1_0-1928294.pdf} } + +\bibitem{nrfsipbrief} + Nordic semiconductor. + \emph{Power Profiler Kit Product Brief Version 1.0 [pdf]} + [cited~on~2025-5-30]. + Avaible at: + {\small \url{https://www.nordicsemi.com/-/media/Software-and-other-downloads/Product-Briefs/nRF9160-SiP-PB-v2.1.pdf } } + +% https://docs.nordicsemi.com/bundle/ncs-latest/page/nrf/samples/cellular/modem_shell/README.html %\bibitem{sr72/2017} % VYSOKÉ UČENÍ TECHNICKÉ V~BRNĚ. % \emph{Směrnice č.\,72/2017, Úprava, odevzdávání a~zveřejňování závěrečných prací.} diff --git a/text/prilohy.tex b/text/prilohy.tex index 4519ce6..821da7a 100644 --- a/text/prilohy.tex +++ b/text/prilohy.tex @@ -1 +1,129 @@ % \chapter{Některé příkazy balíčku \texttt{thesis}} + +%\appendix +\chapter{Result measurement tables} +\label{appendix:ltetables} + +\input{mereni/nbiot60_0_table} +\input{mereni/nbiot60_64_table} +\input{mereni/nbiot60_1024_table} +\input{mereni/ltem60_0_table} +\input{mereni/ltem60_64_table} +\input{mereni/ltem60_1024_table} +\input{mereni/nbiot61_0_table} +\input{mereni/nbiot61_64_table} +\input{mereni/nbiot61_1024_table} +\input{mereni/ltem61_0_table} +\input{mereni/ltem61_64_table} +\input{mereni/ltem61_1024_table} + +\chapter{Result of measurement - charts} + + +\input{"mereni/compltem_charge_per_message_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compnbiot_charge_per_message_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compltem_data-rate_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compnbiot_data-rate_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compltem_maximal_transmit_current_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compnbiot_maximal_transmit_current_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compltem_average_transmit_current_to_rsrp"} +\input{"mereni/compnbiot_average_transmit_current_to_rsrp"} + +\section{nRF9161} + +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Signal-NoiseRatiotoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61ReferenceSignalReceivedPowertoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Readycurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Averagetransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Averagetransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Averagetransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Maxtransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Maxtransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Maxtransmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/ltem61AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/nbiot61AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora2/both61AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} + +\section{nRF9160} + +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Signal-NoiseRatiotoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60ReferenceSignalReceivedPowertoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Readycurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Chargepermessagetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Data-ratetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Transmittimetoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Averagetrasmitcurrenttoattenuation"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60ChargepermessagetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60Data-ratetoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60MaximaltransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/ltem60AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/nbiot60AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} +\input{"mereni/komora1/both60AveragetransmitcurrenttoRSRP"} + +\chapter{Demonstrator electronic schemes} +\label{chap:demoapp} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{obrazky/32_PCB_schema.png} + \end{center} + \caption{Demonstrator electronic schema} + \label{fig:demoscheme} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{obrazky/32_PCB_3Dmodel.png} + \end{center} + \caption{Demonstrator PCB 3D model render} + \label{fig:pcb3d} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[H] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{obrazky/32_PCB_board.png} + \end{center} + \caption{Demonstrator PCB schema} + \label{fig:demopcb} +\end{figure} diff --git a/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex b/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex index ea47f6d..5cf2cea 100644 --- a/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex +++ b/text/protokolyLPWAN.tex @@ -233,16 +233,18 @@ In \ac{3GPP} Release 16, redundant transmission for high-reliability communicati \section{DECT NR+ standard for 5G IoT networks} \subsection{Plain DECT} -Stary DECT a IP telefony, pasmo, HW vrstva, NR a teorie prenosovych -rychlosti -https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR?lang=en\#infotabs -https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR/Applications?lang=en\#infotabs -https://www.nordicsemi.com/Products/Wireless/DECT-NR/Related-publications?lang=en\#infotabs -https://blog.nordicsemi.com/getconnected/could-dect-nr-democratize-massive-iot-in-5g -https://docs.nordicsemi.com/bundle/ps\_nrf9161/page/dect.html\#ariaid-title4 -https://devzone.nordicsemi.com/nordic/nordic-blog/b/blog/posts/dect-nr-a-technical-dive-into-non-cellular-5g -https://blog.nordicsemi.com/getconnected/the-next-step-for-m2m-communications +\ac{DECT} is a digital wireless technology standard primarily known for cordless telephones, though its applications have expanded to some not foreseen use-cases (professional wireless audio solutions such as walkie-talkies and wireless audio on music concerts). -\subsection{DECT NR+} \label{dectdescrition} \ No newline at end of file +\ac{DECT} is an open standard that operates in a dedicated frequency range, typically 1880-1900 MHz in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and South America, and 1920-1930 MHz in the US. This dedicated spectrum helps minimize interference from other wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. + +\ac{DECT} uses a combination of \ac{TDMA}, \ac{FDMA}, and \ac{TDD}. This means the radio spectrum is divided into frequency channels (10 frequency channels) and time slots (24 of 10 ms slots per one frame), allowing multiple conversations to occur simultaneously on the same frequency band without interference. A typical \ac{DECT} system can support up to 12 duplex speech channels per base station frame. \cite{plaindectdesc} + +% https://www.etsi.org/technologies/dect + +\subsection{DECT NR+} \label{dectdescrition} + + \cite{dectnrdesc} + +% https://devzone.nordicsemi.com/nordic/nordic-blog/b/blog/posts/dect-nr-a-technical-dive-into-non-cellular-5g \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/text/tables/ltem60_0_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem60_0_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c17fd5e --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem60_0_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -71 & 4 & 359 & 1612 & 773 & 0.82 & 243.01 & 30.15 & 29.12 & 4.46 & 6.87 & 0.00 \\ +1 & 3 & -72 & 7 & 432 & 2147 & 933 & 0.94 & 247.62 & 31.12 & 29.79 & 0.47 & 8.15 & 0.00 \\ +2 & 6 & -78 & 4 & 374 & 2328 & 911 & 0.89 & 238.40 & 31.43 & 30.32 & 5.19 & 7.80 & 0.00 \\ +3 & 10 & -80 & 4 & 548 & 1473 & 815 & 0.86 & 233.03 & 31.62 & 29.98 & 5.63 & 7.59 & 0.00 \\ +4 & 20 & -88 & 6 & 406 & 2254 & 911 & 0.89 & 238.40 & 32.87 & 30.04 & 7.43 & 8.17 & 0.00 \\ +5 & 30 & -102 & 2 & 373 & 1961 & 897 & 0.90 & 269.20 & 34.50 & 30.37 & 6.24 & 8.59 & 0.00 \\ +6 & 36 & -108 & 4 & 570 & 1823 & 934 & 0.96 & 271.51 & 42.63 & 30.35 & 5.50 & 11.43 & 0.00 \\ +7 & 40 & -109 & 5 & 408 & 1463 & 836 & 0.88 & 257.63 & 49.62 & 30.40 & 0.47 & 12.12 & 0.00 \\ +8 & 50 & -129 & -8 & 46 & 2356 & 1148 & 1.90 & 246.86 & 67.66 & 29.85 & 3.74 & 35.68 & 0.00 \\ +9 & 60 & -129 & -2 & 873 & 2335 & 1305 & 2.40 & 249.16 & 99.32 & 28.17 & 1.77 & 66.14 & 0.00 \\ +10 & 63 & -132 & -4 & 754 & 5633 & 3200 & 3.34 & 249.16 & 86.71 & 30.64 & 25.26 & 80.41 & 0.00 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem60_0} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/ltem60_1024_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem60_1024_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea536b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem60_1024_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -71 & 4 & 574 & 1171 & 858 & 0.94 & 249.93 & 32.17 & 29.12 & 4.46 & 8.41 & 1.16 \\ +1 & 3 & -72 & 7 & 498 & 1381 & 892 & 1.04 & 243.78 & 33.84 & 29.79 & 0.47 & 9.75 & 1.05 \\ +2 & 6 & -78 & 4 & 429 & 1332 & 820 & 0.95 & 244.55 & 34.71 & 30.32 & 5.19 & 9.13 & 1.15 \\ +3 & 10 & -80 & 4 & 436 & 1552 & 923 & 1.01 & 236.10 & 34.98 & 29.98 & 5.63 & 9.84 & 1.07 \\ +4 & 20 & -88 & 6 & 706 & 1464 & 1018 & 1.09 & 236.10 & 40.83 & 30.04 & 7.43 & 12.34 & 1.00 \\ +5 & 30 & -102 & 2 & 514 & 1251 & 848 & 0.97 & 243.78 & 44.04 & 30.37 & 6.24 & 11.89 & 1.12 \\ +6 & 36 & -108 & 4 & 485 & 1233 & 862 & 0.98 & 246.09 & 44.40 & 30.35 & 5.50 & 12.04 & 1.11 \\ +7 & 40 & -109 & 5 & 871 & 1540 & 1074 & 1.16 & 244.55 & 44.50 & 30.40 & 0.47 & 14.38 & 0.94 \\ +8 & 50 & -129 & -8 & 1368 & 2685 & 2104 & 2.49 & 246.09 & 112.76 & 29.85 & 3.74 & 78.05 & 0.44 \\ +9 & 60 & -129 & -2 & 3572 & 7450 & 5305 & 2.69 & 249.93 & 102.61 & 28.17 & 1.77 & 76.64 & 0.40 \\ +10 & 63 & -132 & -4 & 5963 & 9803 & 8384 & 4.67 & 249.16 & 158.65 & 30.64 & 25.26 & 205.87 & 0.23 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem60_1024} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/ltem60_64_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem60_64_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c2eca8 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem60_64_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -71 & 4 & 305 & 1536 & 757 & 0.83 & 243.78 & 31.35 & 29.12 & 4.46 & 7.25 & 0.15 \\ +1 & 3 & -72 & 7 & 273 & 1157 & 699 & 0.80 & 247.62 & 32.70 & 29.79 & 0.47 & 7.23 & 0.16 \\ +2 & 6 & -78 & 4 & 532 & 967 & 734 & 0.85 & 243.78 & 32.70 & 30.32 & 5.19 & 7.68 & 0.15 \\ +3 & 10 & -80 & 4 & 229 & 1202 & 698 & 0.76 & 234.56 & 33.33 & 29.98 & 5.63 & 7.01 & 0.17 \\ +4 & 20 & -88 & 6 & 431 & 1427 & 830 & 0.90 & 242.24 & 35.25 & 30.04 & 7.43 & 8.82 & 0.14 \\ +5 & 30 & -102 & 2 & 379 & 1476 & 821 & 0.91 & 242.24 & 36.24 & 30.37 & 6.24 & 9.18 & 0.14 \\ +6 & 36 & -108 & 4 & 526 & 963 & 744 & 0.84 & 248.39 & 37.14 & 30.35 & 5.50 & 8.69 & 0.15 \\ +7 & 40 & -109 & 5 & 338 & 1327 & 821 & 0.92 & 251.47 & 47.17 & 30.40 & 0.47 & 12.05 & 0.14 \\ +8 & 50 & -129 & -8 & 580 & 2462 & 1434 & 1.30 & 246.09 & 58.04 & 29.85 & 3.74 & 20.88 & 0.10 \\ +9 & 60 & -129 & -2 & 1658 & 5822 & 3579 & 3.51 & 249.93 & 91.89 & 28.17 & 1.77 & 89.72 & 0.04 \\ +10 & 63 & -132 & -4 & 2761 & 8577 & 4193 & 4.65 & 251.47 & 120.07 & 30.64 & 25.26 & 154.96 & 0.03 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem60_64} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/ltem61_0_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem61_0_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b17e17e --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem61_0_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -75 & 1 & 453 & 4453 & 1338 & 1.09 & 233.39 & 34.36 & 30.90 & 2.38 & 10.42 & 0.00 \\ +1 & 3 & -77 & 2 & 417 & 3306 & 2163 & 2.13 & 227.22 & 33.33 & 31.11 & 2.21 & 19.69 & 0.00 \\ +2 & 6 & -82 & -1 & 452 & 940 & 611 & 0.72 & 222.60 & 33.03 & 31.56 & 2.71 & 6.64 & 0.00 \\ +3 & 10 & -84 & 2 & 360 & 1842 & 914 & 0.96 & 214.13 & 32.47 & 30.82 & 2.35 & 8.66 & 0.00 \\ +4 & 16 & -89 & 2 & 260 & 1233 & 746 & 0.83 & 215.67 & 32.75 & 31.03 & 2.32 & 7.52 & 0.00 \\ +5 & 20 & -94 & 1 & 371 & 1271 & 606 & 0.70 & 217.21 & 34.65 & 31.56 & 5.71 & 6.74 & 0.00 \\ +6 & 21 & -92 & 3 & 307 & 1135 & 569 & 0.63 & 220.29 & 34.83 & 30.60 & 0.60 & 6.05 & 0.00 \\ +7 & 26 & -98 & 4 & 350 & 1017 & 627 & 0.71 & 240.34 & 35.23 & 30.52 & 2.36 & 6.97 & 0.00 \\ +8 & 30 & -101 & 4 & 294 & 1846 & 672 & 0.76 & 234.94 & 36.14 & 31.01 & 0.82 & 7.60 & 0.00 \\ +9 & 36 & -109 & 3 & 382 & 691 & 512 & 0.64 & 243.43 & 37.33 & 30.58 & 2.02 & 6.63 & 0.00 \\ +10 & 40 & -112 & 4 & 351 & 1016 & 616 & 0.72 & 234.16 & 54.91 & 28.93 & 2.38 & 10.95 & 0.00 \\ +11 & 46 & -119 & 3 & 403 & 1130 & 590 & 0.65 & 249.61 & 61.78 & 28.84 & 2.22 & 11.20 & 0.00 \\ +12 & 50 & -124 & 1 & 468 & 1100 & 678 & 0.79 & 226.45 & 59.53 & 31.18 & 2.22 & 12.98 & 0.00 \\ +13 & 51 & -124 & 2 & 367 & 1570 & 862 & 0.93 & 224.91 & 55.49 & 30.13 & 2.22 & 14.35 & 0.00 \\ +14 & 56 & -131 & -3 & 657 & 2032 & 1029 & 1.07 & 225.68 & 74.48 & 31.08 & 2.42 & 22.21 & 0.00 \\ +15 & 60 & -133 & -5 & 942 & 8991 & 3782 & 4.05 & 233.39 & 127.70 & 29.30 & 2.22 & 143.52 & 0.00 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem61_0} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/ltem61_1024_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem61_1024_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f34500 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem61_1024_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -75 & 1 & 1190 & 4500 & 3146 & 3.57 & 233.39 & 37.45 & 30.90 & 2.38 & 37.16 & 0.30 \\ +1 & 3 & -77 & 2 & 1039 & 3731 & 1869 & 1.95 & 222.60 & 35.52 & 31.11 & 2.21 & 19.20 & 0.56 \\ +2 & 6 & -82 & -1 & 983 & 2201 & 1618 & 1.74 & 220.29 & 36.47 & 31.56 & 2.71 & 17.59 & 0.63 \\ +3 & 10 & -84 & 2 & 1089 & 3103 & 1634 & 1.79 & 217.21 & 36.86 & 30.82 & 2.35 & 18.38 & 0.61 \\ +4 & 16 & -89 & 2 & 994 & 2888 & 1379 & 1.53 & 217.21 & 40.07 & 31.03 & 2.32 & 17.08 & 0.71 \\ +5 & 20 & -94 & 1 & 1089 & 2618 & 1660 & 1.72 & 222.60 & 39.87 & 31.56 & 5.71 & 19.04 & 0.63 \\ +6 & 21 & -92 & 3 & 1037 & 1542 & 1254 & 1.48 & 222.60 & 41.01 & 30.60 & 0.60 & 16.80 & 0.74 \\ +7 & 26 & -98 & 4 & 976 & 1364 & 1162 & 1.32 & 222.60 & 42.26 & 30.52 & 2.36 & 15.51 & 0.82 \\ +8 & 30 & -101 & 4 & 961 & 1670 & 1244 & 1.40 & 225.68 & 42.29 & 31.01 & 0.82 & 16.44 & 0.78 \\ +9 & 36 & -109 & 3 & 1127 & 1562 & 1327 & 1.52 & 221.83 & 41.99 & 30.58 & 2.02 & 17.68 & 0.72 \\ +10 & 40 & -112 & 4 & 1315 & 2352 & 1737 & 1.94 & 224.91 & 51.37 & 28.93 & 2.38 & 27.68 & 0.56 \\ +11 & 46 & -119 & 3 & 1370 & 2040 & 1717 & 1.92 & 248.06 & 64.63 & 28.84 & 2.22 & 34.42 & 0.57 \\ +12 & 50 & -124 & 1 & 1734 & 2917 & 2228 & 2.44 & 224.91 & 81.73 & 31.18 & 2.22 & 55.45 & 0.45 \\ +13 & 51 & -124 & 2 & 1645 & 2501 & 2072 & 2.30 & 224.91 & 83.43 & 30.13 & 2.22 & 53.41 & 0.47 \\ +14 & 56 & -131 & -3 & 3393 & 5091 & 4307 & 4.54 & 226.45 & 91.44 & 31.08 & 2.42 & 115.42 & 0.24 \\ +15 & 60 & -133 & -5 & 11772 & 13685 & 12833 & 11.91 & 222.60 & 131.68 & 29.30 & 2.22 & 435.51 & 0.09 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem61_1024} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/ltem61_64_table.tex b/text/tables/ltem61_64_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43db2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/ltem61_64_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -75 & 1 & 463 & 2258 & 999 & 0.98 & 232.62 & 34.64 & 30.90 & 2.38 & 9.44 & 0.13 \\ +1 & 3 & -77 & 2 & 482 & 3765 & 1600 & 1.66 & 231.08 & 33.62 & 31.11 & 2.21 & 15.48 & 0.08 \\ +2 & 6 & -82 & -1 & 455 & 3857 & 1378 & 1.49 & 224.14 & 34.58 & 31.56 & 2.71 & 14.27 & 0.09 \\ +3 & 10 & -84 & 2 & 328 & 1985 & 933 & 0.97 & 214.90 & 33.38 & 30.82 & 2.35 & 9.01 & 0.13 \\ +4 & 16 & -89 & 2 & 357 & 1266 & 686 & 0.76 & 217.21 & 35.31 & 31.03 & 2.32 & 7.45 & 0.17 \\ +5 & 20 & -94 & 1 & 466 & 762 & 562 & 0.64 & 219.52 & 36.77 & 31.56 & 5.71 & 6.58 & 0.20 \\ +6 & 21 & -92 & 3 & 386 & 887 & 560 & 0.64 & 219.52 & 37.14 & 30.60 & 0.60 & 6.62 & 0.20 \\ +7 & 26 & -98 & 4 & 301 & 693 & 557 & 0.66 & 225.68 & 37.30 & 30.52 & 2.36 & 6.85 & 0.19 \\ +8 & 30 & -101 & 4 & 355 & 758 & 550 & 0.63 & 218.75 & 38.52 & 31.01 & 0.82 & 6.71 & 0.20 \\ +9 & 36 & -109 & 3 & 432 & 777 & 551 & 0.63 & 231.08 & 39.48 & 30.58 & 2.02 & 6.88 & 0.20 \\ +10 & 40 & -112 & 4 & 213 & 1025 & 580 & 0.68 & 224.14 & 55.55 & 28.93 & 2.38 & 10.49 & 0.19 \\ +11 & 46 & -119 & 3 & 415 & 957 & 606 & 0.72 & 248.06 & 61.51 & 28.84 & 2.22 & 12.23 & 0.18 \\ +12 & 50 & -124 & 1 & 427 & 845 & 621 & 0.71 & 224.91 & 72.48 & 31.18 & 2.22 & 14.37 & 0.18 \\ +13 & 51 & -124 & 2 & 411 & 1095 & 746 & 0.86 & 224.14 & 63.73 & 30.13 & 2.22 & 15.19 & 0.15 \\ +14 & 56 & -131 & -3 & 799 & 1441 & 1156 & 1.29 & 225.68 & 67.98 & 31.08 & 2.42 & 24.32 & 0.10 \\ +15 & 60 & -133 & -5 & 1570 & 5783 & 3795 & 3.97 & 231.08 & 114.73 & 29.30 & 2.22 & 126.48 & 0.03 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:ltem61_64} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot60_0_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot60_0_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6707ad --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot60_0_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -86 & -3 & 111 & 596 & 209 & 0.43 & 103.86 & 21.60 & 5.38 & 10.24 & 2.61 & 0.00 \\ +1 & 3 & -95 & -3 & 87 & 502 & 241 & 0.47 & 126.46 & 22.13 & 5.39 & 1.06 & 2.91 & 0.00 \\ +2 & 6 & -92 & -4 & 72 & 421 & 161 & 0.39 & 162.80 & 27.64 & 5.31 & 9.80 & 3.03 & 0.01 \\ +3 & 10 & -98 & -4 & 99 & 392 & 155 & 0.38 & 208.51 & 26.92 & 6.44 & 0.78 & 2.84 & 0.01 \\ +4 & 20 & -108 & -3 & 87 & 409 & 165 & 0.36 & 309.44 & 36.32 & 35.93 & 1.06 & 3.68 & 0.01 \\ +5 & 30 & -118 & -2 & 77 & 380 & 153 & 0.35 & 322.65 & 39.56 & 35.81 & 1.07 & 3.86 & 0.01 \\ +6 & 40 & -129 & -7 & 124 & 604 & 231 & 0.46 & 337.45 & 54.24 & 36.00 & 15.51 & 6.97 & 0.00 \\ +7 & 50 & -130 & -1 & 83 & 361 & 177 & 0.38 & 271.51 & 40.74 & 34.49 & 34.76 & 4.29 & 0.01 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot60_0} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot60_1024_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot60_1024_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2307192 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot60_1024_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -86 & -3 & 178 & 358 & 212 & 0.44 & 94.84 & 27.85 & 5.38 & 10.24 & 3.39 & 2.48 \\ +1 & 3 & -95 & -3 & 175 & 620 & 270 & 0.50 & 91.83 & 25.61 & 5.39 & 1.06 & 3.59 & 2.16 \\ +2 & 6 & -92 & -4 & 167 & 496 & 256 & 0.48 & 97.84 & 23.60 & 5.31 & 9.80 & 3.18 & 2.25 \\ +3 & 10 & -98 & -4 & 162 & 232 & 198 & 0.44 & 107.62 & 25.97 & 6.44 & 0.78 & 3.18 & 2.47 \\ +4 & 20 & -108 & -3 & 127 & 388 & 213 & 0.43 & 226.12 & 38.29 & 35.93 & 1.06 & 4.53 & 2.55 \\ +5 & 30 & -118 & -2 & 37 & 264 & 187 & 0.39 & 322.65 & 42.07 & 35.81 & 1.07 & 4.51 & 2.82 \\ +6 & 40 & -129 & -7 & 327 & 669 & 497 & 0.71 & 272.28 & 71.22 & 36.00 & 15.51 & 13.99 & 1.54 \\ +7 & 50 & -130 & -1 & 389 & 850 & 530 & 1.11 & 272.28 & 46.75 & 34.49 & 34.76 & 14.37 & 0.98 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot60_1024} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot60_64_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot60_64_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..94783c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot60_64_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -86 & -3 & 117 & 478 & 244 & 0.51 & 88.83 & 23.66 & 5.38 & 10.24 & 3.32 & 0.25 \\ +1 & 3 & -95 & -3 & 95 & 416 & 195 & 0.44 & 87.33 & 24.70 & 5.39 & 1.06 & 3.04 & 0.29 \\ +2 & 6 & -92 & -4 & 90 & 335 & 163 & 0.38 & 91.83 & 28.95 & 5.31 & 9.80 & 3.09 & 0.33 \\ +3 & 10 & -98 & -4 & 97 & 327 & 146 & 0.37 & 95.59 & 29.33 & 6.44 & 0.78 & 3.00 & 0.35 \\ +4 & 20 & -108 & -3 & 103 & 333 & 160 & 0.37 & 166.60 & 36.74 & 35.93 & 1.06 & 3.79 & 0.35 \\ +5 & 30 & -118 & -2 & 132 & 281 & 208 & 0.41 & 300.13 & 38.18 & 35.81 & 1.07 & 4.32 & 0.31 \\ +6 & 40 & -129 & -7 & 165 & 421 & 270 & 0.49 & 330.44 & 51.45 & 36.00 & 15.51 & 7.05 & 0.26 \\ +7 & 50 & -130 & -1 & 197 & 584 & 328 & 0.53 & 270.74 & 41.86 & 34.49 & 34.76 & 6.12 & 0.24 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot60_64} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot61_0_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot61_0_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9161de --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot61_0_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -84 & 7 & 112 & 339 & 152 & 0.28 & 152.08 & 32.72 & 33.59 & 1.25 & 2.52 & 0.01 \\ +1 & 3 & -88 & 7 & 115 & 350 & 153 & 0.27 & 171.18 & 33.65 & 33.74 & 1.22 & 2.48 & 0.01 \\ +2 & 6 & -90 & 7 & 89 & 543 & 181 & 0.31 & 238.79 & 33.48 & 33.69 & 0.92 & 2.86 & 0.01 \\ +3 & 10 & -95 & 7 & 122 & 322 & 151 & 0.28 & 231.85 & 33.57 & 33.70 & 1.24 & 2.66 & 0.01 \\ +4 & 16 & -101 & 7 & 112 & 371 & 152 & 0.27 & 232.62 & 35.11 & 33.63 & 1.24 & 2.63 & 0.01 \\ +5 & 20 & -105 & 7 & 126 & 313 & 152 & 0.27 & 230.31 & 34.97 & 33.81 & 0.93 & 2.66 & 0.01 \\ +6 & 21 & -103 & 9 & 106 & 335 & 151 & 0.26 & 241.11 & 35.24 & 33.83 & 1.23 & 2.50 & 0.01 \\ +7 & 26 & -108 & 9 & 108 & 348 & 154 & 0.38 & 234.16 & 36.41 & 35.30 & 0.92 & 3.80 & 0.01 \\ +8 & 30 & -113 & 8 & 78 & 321 & 148 & 0.26 & 249.61 & 38.38 & 35.38 & 1.23 & 2.81 & 0.01 \\ +9 & 36 & -120 & 6 & 108 & 323 & 158 & 0.26 & 261.99 & 42.10 & 35.52 & 0.92 & 3.07 & 0.01 \\ +10 & 40 & -124 & 4 & 114 & 377 & 157 & 0.28 & 264.31 & 42.48 & 35.94 & 0.92 & 3.30 & 0.01 \\ +11 & 46 & -130 & -2 & 147 & 7057 & 942 & 0.62 & 269.74 & 55.47 & 35.40 & 1.27 & 9.50 & 0.00 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot61_0} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot61_1024_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot61_1024_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db73bf3 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot61_1024_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -84 & 7 & 246 & 371 & 304 & 0.47 & 83.76 & 34.18 & 33.59 & 1.25 & 4.45 & 2.32 \\ +1 & 3 & -88 & 7 & 272 & 382 & 316 & 0.49 & 89.05 & 34.28 & 33.74 & 1.22 & 4.63 & 2.24 \\ +2 & 6 & -90 & 7 & 253 & 346 & 303 & 0.48 & 94.35 & 34.42 & 33.69 & 0.92 & 4.59 & 2.27 \\ +3 & 10 & -95 & 7 & 249 & 345 & 298 & 0.46 & 106.46 & 34.73 & 33.70 & 1.24 & 4.44 & 2.36 \\ +4 & 16 & -101 & 7 & 246 & 409 & 302 & 0.48 & 163.53 & 35.95 & 33.63 & 1.24 & 4.77 & 2.28 \\ +5 & 20 & -105 & 7 & 296 & 441 & 355 & 0.54 & 235.71 & 38.02 & 33.81 & 0.93 & 5.68 & 2.02 \\ +6 & 21 & -103 & 9 & 200 & 300 & 272 & 0.44 & 237.25 & 38.22 & 33.83 & 1.23 & 4.62 & 2.50 \\ +7 & 26 & -108 & 9 & 240 & 375 & 305 & 0.48 & 238.79 & 40.36 & 35.30 & 0.92 & 5.37 & 2.27 \\ +8 & 30 & -113 & 8 & 241 & 377 & 312 & 0.48 & 240.34 & 41.86 & 35.38 & 1.23 & 5.59 & 2.26 \\ +9 & 36 & -120 & 6 & 364 & 470 & 414 & 0.61 & 255.80 & 49.20 & 35.52 & 0.92 & 8.28 & 1.80 \\ +10 & 40 & -124 & 4 & 459 & 650 & 553 & 0.73 & 265.09 & 54.35 & 35.94 & 0.92 & 10.97 & 1.50 \\ +11 & 46 & -130 & -2 & 2383 & 3421 & 2868 & 3.08 & 272.84 & 73.25 & 35.40 & 1.27 & 62.66 & 0.35 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot61_1024} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/tables/nbiot61_64_table.tex b/text/tables/nbiot61_64_table.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee340f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/text/tables/nbiot61_64_table.tex @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + +\begin{table}[!h] + \begin{center} + \small +\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrrrrr} +\toprule + & K_U [dB] & RSRP [dBm] & SNR [dB] & Round-trip min [ms] & Round-trip max [ms] & Round-trip avg [ms] & Transmit time [s] & Max I [mA] & Average I [mA] & Ready I [mA] & Standby I [mA] & Charge [uAh] & Data-rate [kB/s] \\ +\midrule +0 & 0 & -84 & 7 & 108 & 159 & 133 & 0.27 & 84.52 & 33.94 & 33.59 & 1.25 & 2.54 & 0.48 \\ +1 & 3 & -88 & 7 & 112 & 167 & 133 & 0.28 & 80.74 & 34.04 & 33.74 & 1.22 & 2.64 & 0.46 \\ +2 & 6 & -90 & 7 & 109 & 149 & 132 & 0.27 & 82.25 & 34.33 & 33.69 & 0.92 & 2.57 & 0.47 \\ +3 & 10 & -95 & 7 & 110 & 173 & 139 & 0.27 & 92.84 & 34.45 & 33.70 & 1.24 & 2.62 & 0.47 \\ +4 & 16 & -101 & 7 & 115 & 171 & 142 & 0.27 & 146.75 & 34.86 & 33.63 & 1.24 & 2.63 & 0.47 \\ +5 & 20 & -105 & 7 & 102 & 154 & 129 & 0.27 & 221.83 & 36.00 & 33.81 & 0.93 & 2.70 & 0.47 \\ +6 & 21 & -103 & 9 & 108 & 201 & 148 & 0.28 & 149.03 & 35.06 & 33.83 & 1.23 & 2.68 & 0.46 \\ +7 & 26 & -108 & 9 & 116 & 148 & 132 & 0.27 & 231.08 & 37.98 & 35.30 & 0.92 & 2.86 & 0.47 \\ +8 & 30 & -113 & 8 & 111 & 162 & 133 & 0.27 & 246.52 & 38.86 & 35.38 & 1.23 & 2.91 & 0.48 \\ +9 & 36 & -120 & 6 & 123 & 196 & 141 & 0.25 & 262.77 & 43.34 & 35.52 & 0.92 & 3.03 & 0.51 \\ +10 & 40 & -124 & 4 & 110 & 202 & 149 & 0.30 & 265.09 & 44.33 & 35.94 & 0.92 & 3.64 & 0.43 \\ +11 & 46 & -130 & -2 & 296 & 578 & 384 & 0.56 & 270.51 & 57.95 & 35.40 & 1.27 & 9.07 & 0.23 \\ +\bottomrule +\end{tabular} + + \end{center} + \caption[Performance requirements for URLLC]{Performance Requirements for Low-Latency and High-Reliability Scenarios \cite{5gamericasurllc}} + \label{tab:nbiot61_64} +\end{table} diff --git a/text/zkratky.tex b/text/zkratky.tex index 46c981a..c154191 100644 --- a/text/zkratky.tex +++ b/text/zkratky.tex @@ -65,6 +65,19 @@ \acro{WPAN}{wireless personal area network} \acro{WLAN}{wireless local area network} \acro{P2P}{point-to-point} + \acro{UNB}{Ultra Narrowband} + \acro{NTN}{Non Terrestrial Network} + \acro{SoC}{System on a Chip} + \acro{BTS}{Base Transceiver Station} + \acro{NCS}{Nordic Core SDK} + \acro{MoSh}{Modem Shell} + \acro{RFFE}{Radio Frequency Front End} + \acro{FOTA}{Firmware Over The Air} + \acro{GPS}{Global Positioning System} + \acro{QZSS}{Quasi-Zenith Satellite System} + \acro{SNR}{Signal to Noise Ration} + \acro{RSRP}{Reference Signal Received Power} + \acro{PPK II}{Nordic Power Profiler Kit II} % %%% bsymfvz % \acro{symfvz} % název -- cgit v1.2.3